{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:29:12Z","timestamp":1790832552756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008210","name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Autism (or autism spectrum disorder) was initially defined as a psychiatric disorder, with the likely cause maternal behavior (the very destructive \u201crefrigerator mother\u201d theory). It took several decades for research into brain mechanisms to become established. Both neuropathological and imaging studies found differences in the cerebellum in autism spectrum disorder, the most widely documented being a decreased density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. The popular interpretation of these results is that cerebellar neuropathology is a critical cause of autism spectrum disorder. We challenge that view by arguing that if fewer Purkinje cells are critical for autism spectrum disorder, then any condition that causes the loss of Purkinje cells should also cause autism spectrum disorder. We will review data on damage to the cerebellum from cerebellar lesions, tumors, and several syndromes (Joubert syndrome, Fragile X, and tuberous sclerosis). Collectively, these studies raise the question of whether the cerebellum really has a role in autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is now recognized as a genetically caused developmental disorder. A better understanding of the genes that underlie the differences in brain development that result in autism spectrum disorder is likely to show that these genes affect the development of the cerebellum in parallel with the development of the structures that do underlie autism spectrum disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T18:52:46Z","timestamp":1714675966000},"page":"94-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neuroanatomy of autism: what is the role of the cerebellum?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0692-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan S","family":"Baizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 123 Sherman Hall, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, , Buffalo, NY 14214,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2024101710144322200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199906030-00005","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans","volume":"10","author":"Abell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024101710144322200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839144","article-title":"Speech deficits in ischaemic cerebellar lesions","volume":"239","author":"Ackermann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024101710144322200_ref3","first-page":"16","article-title":"The cerebellum in autism","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024101710144322200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00043.x","article-title":"The amygdala and autism: implications from non-human primate studies","volume":"2","author":"Amaral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024101710144322200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of autism","volume":"31","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2024101710144322200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. 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