{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1790046403060,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH094681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH094681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shriners Hospitals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Fragile X syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a mutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene in the X chromosome. Many fragile X syndrome cases present with autism spectrum disorder and fragile X syndrome cases account for up to 5% of all autism spectrum disorder cases. The cellular composition of the fragile X syndrome cortex is not well known. We evaluated alterations in the number of Calbindin, Calretinin, and Parvalbumin expressing interneurons across 5 different cortical areas, medial prefrontal cortex (BA46), primary somatosensory cortex (BA3), primary motor cortex (BA4), superior temporal cortex (BA22), and anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) of fragile X syndrome and neurotypical brains. Compared with neurotypical cases, fragile X syndrome brains displayed a significant reduction in the number of PV+ interneurons in all areas and of CR+ interneurons in BA22 and BA3. The number of CB+ interneurons did not differ. These findings are the first to demonstrate that fragile X syndrome brains are characterized by cortical wide PV+ interneuron deficits across multiple cortical areas. These add to the idea that deficits in PV+ interneurons could disrupt the cortical balance and promote clinical deficits in fragile X syndrome patients and help to develop novel therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders like fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,24]],"date-time":"2024-03-24T11:08:45Z","timestamp":1711278525000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fragile X cortex is characterized by decreased parvalbumin-expressing interneurons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Juarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jimena","family":"Salcedo-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"},{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"},{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Martinez-Cerde\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"},{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024032411083766200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00610-9","article-title":"Correlated morphological and neurochemical features identify different subsets of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive interneurons in rat 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