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The mitigation of these costs through training has been associated with reduced overlap of constituent task representations within frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions. Transcranial direct current stimulation, which can modulate functional brain activity, has shown promise in generalizing performance gains when combined with multitasking training. However, the relationship between combined transcranial direct current stimulation and training protocols with task-associated representational overlap in the brain remains unexplored. Here, we paired prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation with multitasking training in 178 individuals and collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data pre- and post-training. We found that 1\u00a0mA transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the prefrontal cortex paired with multitasking training enhanced training transfer to spatial attention, as assessed via a visual search task. Using machine learning to assess the overlap of neural activity related to the training task in task-relevant brain regions, we found that visual search gains were predicted by changes in classification accuracy in frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions for participants that received left prefrontal cortex stimulation. These findings demonstrate that prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation may interact with training-related changes to task representations, facilitating the generalization of learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T08:41:15Z","timestamp":1715244075000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stimulating prefrontal cortex facilitates training transfer by increasing representational overlap"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohan","family":"Wards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building , Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4944-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane E","family":"Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building , Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly G","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building , Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales , Mathews Building, Gate 11, Botany Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2052 , Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Hills Building, Edgbaston Park Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason B","family":"Mattingley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building , Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Hills Building, Edgbaston Park Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah L","family":"Filmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The 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