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However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits remain unclear. This study aimed to explore multimodal imaging biomarkers associated with cognitive function in major depressive disorder. Five cognitive scores (sustained attention, visual recognition memory, pattern recognition memory, executive function, and working memory) were used as references to guide the fusion of gray matter volume and amplitude of the low frequency fluctuation. Social function was assessed after 2\u00a0yr. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify brain features that were associated with social function of patients with major depressive disorder. Finally, we included 131 major depressive disorder and 145 healthy controls. A multimodal frontal-insula-occipital network associated with sustained attention was found to be associated with social functioning in major depressive disorders. Analysis across different cognitive domains revealed that gray matter volume exhibited greater sensitivity to differences, while amplitude of the low frequency fluctuation consistently decreased in the right temporal-occipital-hippocampus circuit. The consistent functional changes across the 5 cognitive domains were related to symptom severity. Overall, these findings provide insights into biomarkers associated with multiple cognitive domains in major depressive disorder. These results may contribute to the development of effective treatment targeting cognitive deficits and social function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T19:52:56Z","timestamp":1722369176000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multiple cognition associated multimodal brain networks in major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qimeng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liansheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxue","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, , No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shile","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics College of Computer Science and Technology, , No. 29 Yudao Street, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Psychiatry, , No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024073009411943700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq080","article-title":"Depression, rumination and the default network","volume":"6","author":"Berman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024073009411943700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318266ba14","article-title":"Sustained cognitive impairments after clinical recovery of severe depression","volume":"200","author":"Boeker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2024073009411943700_ref3","first-page":"351","article-title":"Effect of cognitive impairment on social function and quality of life in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024073009411943700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel \u2014 now? 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