{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:46:16Z","timestamp":1775580376589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["173211KYSB20200021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173211KYSB20200021"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2030 - Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Project","award":["2021ZD0200200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0200200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sustained attention, as the basis of general cognitive ability, naturally varies across different time scales, spanning from hours, e.g. from wakefulness to drowsiness state, to seconds, e.g. trial-by-trail fluctuation in a task session. Whether there is a unified mechanism underneath such trans-scale variability remains unclear. Here we show that fluctuation of cortical excitation\/inhibition (E\/I) is a strong modulator to sustained attention in humans across time scales. First, we observed the ability to attend varied across different brain states (wakefulness, postprandial somnolence, sleep deprived), as well as within any single state with larger swings. Second, regardless of the time scale involved, we found highly attentive state was always linked to more balanced cortical E\/I characterized by electroencephalography (EEG) features, while deviations from the balanced state led to temporal decline in attention, suggesting the fluctuation of cortical E\/I as a common mechanism underneath trans-scale attentional variability. Furthermore, we found the variations of both sustained attention and cortical E\/I indices exhibited fractal structure in the temporal domain, exhibiting features of self-similarity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sustained attention naturally varies across different time scales in a more complex way than previously appreciated, with the cortical E\/I as a shared neurophysiological modulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T06:42:34Z","timestamp":1722321754000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fluctuation in cortical excitation\/inhibition modulates capability of attention across time scales ranging from hours to seconds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1487-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binghao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Atlas and Brain-inspired Intelligence , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 230, Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Atlas and Brain-inspired Intelligence , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 230, Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031 , China"},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianzi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Atlas and Brain-inspired Intelligence , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 230, Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031 , China"},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China"},{"name":"Xiaoxiang Institute for Brain Health and Yongzhou Central Hospital , No. 151, Xiaoshui West Road, Lingling District, Yongzhou 425000, Hunan Province , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Atlas and Brain-inspired Intelligence , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Automation, , No. 95, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 , China"},{"name":"School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 230, Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031 , China"},{"name":"Lead contact. 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