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In an fMRI study of sentence production, we investigated the brain representations for compositional processing during speaking. We used a rapid serial visual presentation sentence recall paradigm to elicit sentence production from the conceptual memory of an event. With voxel-wise encoding models, we probed the specificity of the compositional structure built during the production of each sentence, comparing an unstructured model of word meaning without relational information with a model that encodes abstract thematic relations and a model encoding event-specific relational structure. Whole-brain analyses revealed that sentence meaning at different levels of specificity was encoded in a large left frontal-parietal-temporal network. A comparison with semantic structures composed during the comprehension of the same sentences showed similarly distributed brain activity patterns. An ROI analysis over left fronto-temporal language parcels showed that event-specific relational structure above word-specific information was encoded in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Overall, we found evidence for the encoding of sentence meaning during sentence production in a distributed brain network and for the encoding of event-specific semantic structures in the left inferior frontal gyrus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T15:24:46Z","timestamp":1733239486000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neural encoding of semantic structures during sentence production"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Giglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen 6525XD ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525EN ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , 915 Greene Street, Columbia SC 29208 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen 6525XD ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525EN ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1138-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ostarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen 6525XD ,","place":["The 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