{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1791876217305,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VICI","award":["VI.C.241.074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI.C.241.074"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research"},{"name":"European Research Council consolidator","award":["101001062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101001062"]}]},{"name":"BRAINSCAPES: A Roadmap from Neurogenetics to Neurobiology","award":["024.004.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.004.012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["834057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["834057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human evolution involved major anatomical transformations, including a rapid increase in brain volume over the last 2 million years. Examination of fossil records provides insight into these physical changes but offers limited information on the evolution of brain function and cognition. A complementary approach integrates genome dating from the Human Genome Dating Project with genome-wide association studies to trace the emergence of genetic variants linked to human traits over 5 million years. We find that genetic variants underlying cortical morphology (~300,000\u00a0years, P\u2009=\u20094\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221228), fluid intelligence (~500,000\u00a0years, P\u2009=\u20091.4\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22124), and psychiatric disorders (~475,000\u00a0years, P\u2009=\u20095.9\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221233) emerged relatively recently in hominin evolution. Among psychiatric phenotypes, variants associated with depression (~24,000\u00a0years, P\u2009=\u20091.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22124) and alcoholism-related traits (~40,000\u00a0years, P\u2009=\u20095.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221212) are the youngest. Genes with recent evolutionary modifications are involved in intelligence (P\u2009=\u20091.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22126) and cortical area (P\u2009=\u20093.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22124) and exhibit elevated expression in language-related areas (P\u2009=\u20097.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22124), a hallmark of human cognition. Our findings suggest that recently evolved genetic variants shaped the human brain, cognition, and psychiatric traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T07:57:18Z","timestamp":1747295838000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The emergence of genetic variants linked to brain and cognitive traits in human evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ilan","family":"Libedinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam 1081HV ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam 1081HV ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , 10 Xitucheng Road, Beijing 100876 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam 1081HV ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K","family":"Rilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University , 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University , 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Emory University , 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University , 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Posthuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam 1081HV ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Section Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC , De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam 1081HV ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn P","family":"van den 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