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This study aimed to explore tVNS\u2019s impacts on physiological (skin conductance response [SCR]) and neural (event-related potentials, ERP) fear-related responses. Forty healthy participants were randomly assigned to the tVNS or Sham group. During a fear-conditioned memory paradigm, electroencephalograph (EEG) and SCR were measured. We analyzed SCR amplitude, ERP components, EEG signal spectral analysis, and the correlation between SCR and EEG metrics. Results showed that compared with the Sham group, the tVNS group had a remarkable decrease in SCR amplitudes for conditioned stimuli (CS+) during retrieval and recall, suggesting reduced sympathetic arousal. ERP analysis revealed a notable decline in late positive potential (LPP) (400\u2013800\u00a0ms) amplitudes for CS+ in the tVNS group during these phases, indicating weakened neural reactivity. A significant group-by-phase interaction showed that tVNS effectively suppressed immediate and sustained fear responses, maintaining lower fear-related physiological and neural activity levels. These findings suggest that tVNS modulates neural circuits involved in fear processing, clarifies the mechanisms underlying fear extinction, and highlights its therapeutic potential for fear-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:47:18Z","timestamp":1753444038000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates fear memory extinction and neural responses in humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Center, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , JianKang Road #88, Weihui City 453100, Henan Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Center, Wuxi Huishan District People\u2019s Hospital , Zhanqian North Road #2, Wuxi City 214000, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Center, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , JianKang Road #88, Weihui City 453100, Henan Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Engneering, South China University of Technology , Wushan Road #381, Guangzhou City 510641, Guangdong Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Center, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , JianKang Road #88, Weihui City 453100, Henan Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sleep and Circadian Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University , Mingxin Road #36, Guangzhou City 510145, Guangdong Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education China, Guangzhou Medical University , Mingxin Road #36, Guangzhou City 510145, Guangdong Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6282-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Medicine, School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University , Jinsui Road #601, Xinxiang City 453003, Henan Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sizhi","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Center, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , JianKang Road #88, Weihui City 453100, Henan Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Center for Sleep and Circadian Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University , Mingxin Road #36, Guangzhou City 510145, Guangdong Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education China, Guangzhou Medical University , Mingxin Road #36, Guangzhou City 510145, Guangdong Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081609374897900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.003","article-title":"Tragus or cymba conchae? 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