{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1787563994403,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#100014_182381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#100014_182381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCCR Evolving Language, Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["#51NF40_180888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#51NF40_180888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Language learning and use relies on domain-specific, domain-general cognitive and sensory-motor functions. Using fMRI during story listening and behavioral tests, we investigated brain-behavior associations between linguistic and non-linguistic measures in individuals with varied multilingual experience and reading skills, including typical reading participants (TRs) and dyslexic readers (DRs). Partial Least Square Correlation revealed a main component linking cognitive, linguistic, and phonological measures to amodal\/associative brain areas. A second analysis only in TRs revealed a stronger association between cognitive, linguistic, literacy and phonological skills within the same brain network as in the full sample, suggesting better speech-print convergence in TRs. In this sample, an additional component involving speed, automatization, and lexical access was associated with less involvement in unimodal, lower-level auditory, and motor brain areas. The complementarity between the two components likely reflects TRs\u2019 reduced reliance on lower-level sensorimotor regions and greater engagement of higher-level cortices and skills. Overall, our work suggests convergence between behavioral measures of linguistic, domain-general cognitive and domain-specific non-linguistic skill, and between these behavioral measures and neural processing of language. This convergence is greater in TRs, suggesting more integrated processing in this group. Our work advocates a comprehensive, multimodal approach to understanding individual differences in language abilities and experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T11:41:41Z","timestamp":1753962101000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Brain activation for language and its relationship to cognitive and linguistic measures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7096-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Balboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva , Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, 1202,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Multilingualism, University of Fribourg , Rue de Morat 24, Fribourg, 1700,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Rampinini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva , Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, 1202,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2964-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kepinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna Cognitive Science Hub , University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences , Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Berthele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multilingualism, University of Fribourg , Rue de Morat 24, Fribourg, 1700,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narly","family":"Golestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva , Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, 1202,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Vienna Cognitive Science Hub , University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences , Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00924.x","article-title":"Individual differences in language development: relationship with motor skill at 21 months","volume":"13","author":"Alcock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.01.555886","article-title":"The entire brain, more or less, is at work: \u2018language regions\u2019 are artefacts of averaging","author":"Aliko","year":"2023-09"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140185","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2015.00942\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Syntax in language and music: what is the right level of comparison?","volume":"6","author":"Asano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104847","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2021.104847","article-title":"Hierarchical control as a shared neurocognitive mechanism for language and music","volume":"216","author":"Asano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2022.05.004","article-title":"Moving beyond domain-specific versus domain-general options in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"154","author":"Asano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2011.07.008","article-title":"What wires together dies together: verbs, actions and neurodegeneration in motor neuron disease","volume":"48","author":"Bak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1093\/ONS\/OPY256","article-title":"A Connectomic atlas of the human cerebrum\u2014chapter 3: the motor, premotor, and sensory cortices","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Operative Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref8","author":"Bates","journal-title":"From first words to grammar: individual differences and dissociable mechanisms"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000067","article-title":"The neural substrates of writing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"17","author":"Beeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref11","author":"Berthele","journal-title":"Individual differences in early instructed language learning: the role of language aptitude, cognition, and motivation"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV.NEURO.31.060407.125639\/CITE\/REFWORKS","article-title":"Spike timing-dependent plasticity: a Hebbian learning rule","volume":"31","author":"Caporale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02000122","article-title":"The cognitive functions of language","volume":"25","author":"Carruthers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060744","article-title":"Examining individual differences in singing, musical and tone language ability in adolescents and young adults with dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Christiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2003.12.049","article-title":"Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350404861.ch-11","author":"Cohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"A multimodal language faculty: a cognitive framework for human communication"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The parietal lobe and language","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63622-5.00018-8"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/languages8010068","article-title":"The contribution of music abilities and phonetic aptitude to L2 accent faking ability","volume":"8","author":"Coumel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Languages."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref20","article-title":"Language variants","volume-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The neurobiology of lexical access","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Language","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00044-4"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HEARES.2007.01.014","article-title":"Hearing speech sounds: top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception","volume":"229","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104269","article-title":"Motor skills and capacities in developmental dyslexia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"246","author":"Decarli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/MITPRESS\/3136.003.0012","article-title":"Evolution of human cortical circuits for reading and arithmetic: the \u201cneuronal recycling\u201d hypothesis","volume-title":"From Monkey Brain to Human Brain","author":"Dehaene"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3924","article-title":"Illiterate to literate: behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition","volume":"16","author":"Dehaene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004103","article-title":"The emergence of the visual word form: longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual areas during reading acquisition","volume":"16","author":"Dehaene-Lambertz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2016.07.059","article-title":"There is more into \u2018doing\u2019 than \u2018knowing\u2019: the function of the right inferior frontal sulcus is specific for implementing versus memorising verbal instructions","volume":"141","author":"Demanet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008963","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1008963","article-title":"Second-language phoneme learning positively relates to voice recognition abilities in the native language: evidence from behavior and brain potentials","volume":"13","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13511","article-title":"The longitudinal relationship between conversational turn-taking and vocabulary growth in early language development","volume":"92","author":"Donnelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref31","article-title":"Predicting near-native ability: the factor structure and reliability of Hi-LAB","volume-title":"Selected Proceedings of the 2008 Second Language Research Forum","author":"Doughty"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00903-0","article-title":"Language is widely distributed throughout the brain","volume":"26","author":"Drijvers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.206300","article-title":"The network degeneration hypothesis: spread of neurodegenerative patterns along neuronal brain networks","volume":"59","author":"Drzezga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13046","article-title":"Language and thought are not the same thing: evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients","volume":"1369","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00032.2010","article-title":"New method for fMRI investigations of language: defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects","volume":"104","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00802-4","article-title":"The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain","volume":"25","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7372","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0415-21.2021","article-title":"Neural fingerprints underlying individual language learning profiles","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref37a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv020","article-title":"Concept representation reflects multimodal abstraction: A framework for embodied semantics","volume":"26","author":"Fernandino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18409","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEVO.2011.00009\/BIBTEX","article-title":"The evolution of syntax: an exaptationist perspective","volume":"3","author":"Fitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Evol Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/S11692-012-9162-Y","article-title":"Evolutionary developmental biology and human language evolution: constraints on adaptation","volume":"39","author":"Fitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12406","article-title":"Hierarchical processing in music, language, and action: Lashley revisited","volume":"1316","author":"Fitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref41","first-page":"101","article-title":"Melodies that help: the relation between language aptitude and musical intelligence","volume":"22","author":"Fonseca-Mora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Engl Stud."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70380-0","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area and the ventral premotor cortex in language: functional differentiation and specificity","volume":"42","author":"Friederici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001213","article-title":"Relationships between native and non-native speech perception","volume":"49","author":"Fuhrmeister","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9339-8","article-title":"The differential contributions of conceptual representation format and language structure to levels of semantic abstraction capacity","volume":"27","author":"Gainotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","article-title":"A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex","volume":"536","author":"Glasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490791","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2019.02670\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Do gross and fine motor skills differentially contribute to language outcomes?","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"A Systematic Review Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/11866763_8","volume":"4191","author":"Grabner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Symmetric atlasing and model based segmentation: An application to the hippocampus in older adults"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONB.2014.07.013","article-title":"Nodes and networks in the neural architecture for language: Broca\u2019s region and beyond","volume":"28","author":"Hagoort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.01.048","article-title":"The core and beyond in the language-ready brain","volume":"81","author":"Hagoort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/TOPS.12728","article-title":"Extending the architecture of language from a multimodal perspective","volume":"00","author":"Hagoort","year":"2024","journal-title":"Top Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2089","article-title":"Beyond the sentence given","volume":"362","author":"Hagoort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.008","article-title":"Neural noise hypothesis of developmental dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Hancock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2018.06.018","article-title":"Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: the necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension","volume":"180","author":"Hasson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20148","article-title":"Superior temporal sulcus\u2014It\u2019s my area: or is it?","volume":"20","author":"Hein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cognm Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2003.10.011","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language","volume":"92","author":"Hickok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.340","author":"Hintz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cogn"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref58","author":"Hintz","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref59","author":"Horn"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2017.01.001","article-title":"The inferior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction: a network perspective","volume":"105","author":"Igelstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref60a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.02.013","article-title":"Repeated measurement of the attention components of patients with multiple sclerosis using the Attention Network Test-Interaction (ANT-I): Stability, isolability, robustness, and reliability","volume":"216","author":"Ishigami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-NEURO-110920-013544\/1","article-title":"Subcortical cognition: the fruit below the rind","volume":"45","author":"Janacsek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122128","DOI":"10.3389\/FNSYS.2015.00023\/ABSTRACT","article-title":"A role of right middle frontal gyrus in reorienting of attention: a case study","volume":"9","author":"Japee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa205","article-title":"The Small and efficient language network of polyglots and hyper-polyglots","volume":"31","author":"Jouravlev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BANDL.2013.09.011","article-title":"Fronto-parietal dorsal and ventral pathways in the context of different linguistic manipulations","volume":"127","author":"Kellmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-011619-030326","article-title":"Individual differences in first language acquisition","volume":"6","author":"Kidd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Linguist"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.006","article-title":"Individual differences in language acquisition and processing","volume":"22","author":"Kidd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.043","article-title":"Brain activation during audiovisual exposure anticipates future perception of ambiguous speech","volume":"57","author":"Kilian-H\u00fctten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17702-6","article-title":"Differential contributions of the middle frontal gyrus functional connectivity to literacy and numeracy","volume":"7","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2010.07.034","article-title":"Partial least squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: a tutorial and review","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116633","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2020.116633","article-title":"The emergence of dyslexia in the developing brain","volume":"211","author":"Kuhl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907307107","article-title":"Coherent concepts are computed in the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"107","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150","article-title":"The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition","volume":"18","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130302","DOI":"10.1098\/RSTB.2013.0302","article-title":"The origin of human multi-modal communication","volume":"369","author":"Levinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B, Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187259","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2016.00475\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Sit to talk: relation between motor skills and language development in infancy","volume":"7","author":"Libertus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115551","article-title":"Optimized brain extraction for pathological brains (optiBET)","volume":"9","author":"Lutkenhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118660584.ese0145","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"A Definition of Dyslexia Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2016.05.073","article-title":"Reliable individual-level neural markers of high-level language processing: a necessary precursor for relating neural variability to behavioral and genetic variability","volume":"139","author":"Mahowald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.003","article-title":"Can language restructure cognition? The case for space","volume":"8","author":"Majid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.11.020","article-title":"Decreased volume of left and total anterior insular lobule in schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Makris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01114-5","article-title":"An investigation across 45 languages and 12 language families reveals a universal language network","volume-title":"Nature Neuroscience","author":"Malik-Moraleda","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177490","article-title":"Shared and differentiated motor skill impairments in children with dyslexia and\/or attention deficit disorder: from simple to complex sequential coordination","volume":"12","author":"Marchand-Krynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.06.007","article-title":"Are there interactive processes in speech perception?","volume":"10","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref83a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.020","article-title":"Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: applications and advances","volume":"23","author":"McIntosh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1093\/CERCOR\/BHT100","article-title":"Multimodal lexical processing in auditory cortex is literacy skill dependent","volume":"24","author":"McNorgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BPSC.2022.07.012","article-title":"Canonical correlation analysis and partial least squares for identifying brain\u2013behavior associations: a tutorial and a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Mihalik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00331.x","article-title":"Hebbian learning and development","volume":"7","author":"Munakata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110215496.213","volume-title":"Language talent and brain activity","author":"Nardo","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1162\/NOL_A_00079","article-title":"The musical abilities, pleiotropy, language, and environment (MAPLE) framework for understanding musicality-language links across the lifespan","volume":"3","author":"Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Lang"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1196\/ANNALS.1284.060","article-title":"Dyslexia and music","volume":"999","author":"Overy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.233","article-title":"Dyslexia and music: measuring musical timing skills","volume":"9","author":"Overy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dyslexia."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018711108","article-title":"Cortical representation of the constituent structure of sentences","volume":"108","author":"Pallier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCHO.2006.09.008","article-title":"Early semantic context integration and lexical access as revealed by event-related brain potentials","volume":"74","author":"Penolazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615611921","article-title":"Print-speech convergence predicts future reading outcomes in early readers","volume":"27","author":"Preston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2012.04.062","article-title":"A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading","volume":"62","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2015.02.063","article-title":"Evaluation of ICA-AROMA and alternative strategies for motion artifact removal in resting state fMRI","volume":"112","author":"Pruim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831212465332","article-title":"Informal numeracy skills: the structure and relations among numbering, relations, and arithmetic operations in preschool","volume":"50","author":"Purpura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Educ Res J"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149109","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2024.149109","article-title":"A behavioural exploration of language aptitude and experience, cognition and more using graph analysis","volume":"1842","author":"Rampinini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18154","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEVO.2012.00007\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Ventral and dorsal streams in the evolution of speech and language","volume":"4","author":"Rauschecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Evol Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2331","article-title":"Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing","volume":"12","author":"Rauschecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience 2009:12:6"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Pathways and streams in the auditory cortex: an update on how work in nonhuman primates has contributed to our understanding of human speech processing","volume-title":"Neurobiology of language","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00024-9"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2015.09.002","article-title":"A systematic review of music and dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Rolka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arts Psychother"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2010.12.052","article-title":"Common and distinct neural networks for false-belief reasoning and inhibitory control","volume":"56","author":"Rothmayr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15510","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509321112","article-title":"Universal brain signature of proficient reading: evidence from four contrasting languages","volume":"112","author":"Rueckl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2022.03.019","article-title":"The inferior frontal sulcus: cortical segregation, molecular architecture and function","volume":"153","author":"Ruland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0648-9","article-title":"Cortical encoding of speech enhances task-relevant acoustic information","volume":"3","author":"Rutten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2017.09.002","article-title":"Differential cortical contribution of syntax and semantics: an fMRI study on two-word phrasal processing","volume":"96","author":"Schell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488865","DOI":"10.3389\/FNHUM.2020.00068\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Verbal working memory as emergent from language comprehension and production","volume":"14","author":"Schwering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640802418688","article-title":"Reading differences and brain: cortical integration of speech and print in sentence processing varies with reader skill","volume":"33","author":"Shankweiler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.341","article-title":"Do weak phonological representations impact on arithmetic development? A review of research into arithmetic and dyslexia","volume":"14","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dyslexia."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2017.7.1.5","article-title":"Language aptitude: desirable trait or acquirable attribute?","volume":"7","author":"Singleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud Second Lang Learn Teach"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2021.06.016","article-title":"Neurodevelopment of the association cortices: patterns, mechanisms, and implications for psychopathology","volume":"109","author":"Sydnor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2021.05.001","article-title":"Exploring the neurobiology of reading through non-invasive brain stimulation: a review","volume":"141","author":"Turker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190520000148","article-title":"Brain, musicality, and language aptitude: a complex interplay","volume":"41","author":"Turker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Appl Linguist"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02096","article-title":"\u201cWhen music speaks\u201d: auditory cortex morphology as a neuroanatomical marker of language aptitude and musicality","volume":"8","author":"Turker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/BUL0000403","article-title":"Cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar contributions to language processing: a meta-analytic review of 403 neuroimaging experiments","volume":"149","author":"Turker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref118","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Individual differences in early instructed language learning: the role of language aptitude, cognition, and motivation","author":"Udry","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.008","article-title":"Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative\/procedural model","volume":"92","author":"Ullman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00076-6","volume-title":"Neurobiology of language","author":"Ullman","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15044.val","article-title":"Putting together bilingualism and executive function","volume":"6","author":"Valian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Linguist Approaches Biling"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976241293999","article-title":"Co-occurrence and causality among ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia","volume-title":"Psychol Sci","author":"Bergen"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S11145-024-10533-8\/TABLES\/7","article-title":"Between-word processing and text-level skills contributing to fluent reading of (non)word lists and text","volume":"38","author":"Viersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/elt\/ccr068","article-title":"Foreign language aptitude","volume":"66","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"ELT J"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00628.2006","article-title":"Language and the aging brain: patterns of neural compensation revealed by functional brain imaging","volume":"96","author":"Wingfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181d709c2","article-title":"Neuroanatomical characteristics and speech perception in noise in older adults","volume":"31","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1075\/wll.12.1.03zar","article-title":"Literacy predictors and early reading and spelling skills as a factor of orthography: cross-linguistic evidence","volume":"12","author":"Zaretsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Writ Lang Lit"},{"key":"2025090910491612600_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.004","article-title":"Predicting regional neurodegeneration from the healthy brain functional connectome","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron."}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/35\/8\/bhaf231\/64231265\/bhaf231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/35\/8\/bhaf231\/64231265\/bhaf231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:49:27Z","timestamp":1757429367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf231\/8250007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf231","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.12.31.630909","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"article-number":"bhaf231"}}