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How do our mind\/brains represent such environments? To address this question, we familiarized participants with a virtual environment consisting of a building within a courtyard, with objects distributed throughout the courtyard and building interior. We then scanned them with functional MRI (fMRI) while they performed a memory task that required them to think about spatial relationships within and across the subspaces. Behavioral responses were less accurate and response times were longer on trials requiring integration across the subspaces compared to trials not requiring integration. FMRI response differences between integration and non-integration trials were observed in scene-responsive and medial temporal lobe brain regions, which were correlated the behavioral integration effects in retrosplenial complex, occipital place area, and hippocampus. Multivoxel pattern analyses provided additional evidence for representations in these brain regions that reflected the hierarchical organization of the environment. These results indicate that people form cognitive maps of nested spaces by dividing them into subspaces and using an active cognitive process to integrate the subspaces. Similar mechanisms might be used to support hierarchical coding in memory more broadly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T11:44:14Z","timestamp":1757159054000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognitive maps for hierarchical spaces in the human brain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Peer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania , 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell A","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania , 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0538-5","article-title":"Integration of visuospatial information encoded from different viewpoints","volume":"21","author":"Adamou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.005","article-title":"Continuous carry-over designs for fMRI","volume":"35","author":"Aguirre","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.037","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of hierarchical planning in a virtual Subway network","volume":"90","author":"Balaguer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0178-16.2016","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0178-16.2016","article-title":"Two distinct scene-processing networks connecting vision and memory","volume":"3","author":"Baldassano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.002","article-title":"What is a cognitive map?","volume":"100","author":"Behrens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organizing Knowledge for Flexible Behavior Neuron"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat6766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6766","article-title":"Navigating cognition: spatial codes for human thinking","volume":"362","author":"Bellmund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025092211081561100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13875861003754009","article-title":"Where is \u201chere\u201d in nested environments? 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