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We tested for sex and age effects, lateralization, and associations with manual and orofacial motor functions. Manual skills were assessed with a tool-use task; orofacial communication was assessed by individual variation in attention-getting sound production. Chimpanzees showed population-level leftward asymmetries in fractional anisotropy in U-fibers connecting central and inferior cortices, especially in females. Age was inversely associated with radial, axial, and mean diffusivity in these bundles. Right-handed motor skill was linked to stronger leftward fractional anisotropy asymmetries in superior regions. In contrast, more frequent attention-getting sound production was associated with increased leftward asymmetries in inferior regions. These findings show that different motor functions in chimpanzees are linked to region-specific variation in U-fiber integrity along the dorsal\u2013ventral axis, aligning with previous representations of the chimpanzee motor \u201chomunculus.\u201d The observed association between orofacial skill and leftward asymmetry in inferior sensorimotor regions suggests a potential preadaptation for the lateralized speech functions found in modern humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:00:21Z","timestamp":1758801621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oro-facial and manual motor functions are differentially associated with short-fiber white matter connectivity within the chimpanzee \u201chomunculus\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8881-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u00eblig","family":"Chauvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay , CNRS, CEA, B\u00e2timent 145, Point Courrier 156, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Department of Neurophysics , Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, 04103 Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Uszynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay , CNRS, CEA, B\u00e2timent 145, Point Courrier 156, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Poupon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay , CNRS, CEA, B\u00e2timent 145, Point Courrier 156, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. 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