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The inferior frontal sulcus (ifs) is a critical landmark below which lie language production areas in the language-dominant hemisphere of the human brain, and its homologue is found in the chimpanzee brain. The present study examined the variability in the morphology of the ifs in 73 chimpanzee brains (ie 146 hemispheres). Examination was carried out on surface reconstructions derived from in vivo 3\u00a0T magnetic resonance imaging scans, which permitted detailed intra-sulcal assessment. Based on the connections formed by the ifs and adjacent sulci, two frequent and three less frequent morphological types were identified. The average location and spatial variability of the ifs were quantified in the form of spatial surface probability maps. Relationships were also established between specific morphological features of the ifs in the left hemisphere and oro-facial communication abilities, as measured by attention-getting sound production. These findings refine our knowledge of prefrontal sulcal organization in hominids and offer valuable insights into the structural blueprints that supported the emergence of speech in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T12:59:24Z","timestamp":1763211564000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The inferior frontal sulcus in the chimpanzee brain: morphological examination and association with oro-facial communication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University , 2001 Av. McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 3E8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Lepage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Cancer Center & Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas , 650 Cool Water Dr, Bastrop, Texas 78602 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Petrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University , 2001 Av. 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