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Of pyramidal neurons in all layers and interneurons in L3 and L5\/6, one-quarter were visually responsive, one-quarter, auditory, with 30% bimodal. Visual neurons were less common rostral, lateral, and medial to the supplementary eye field. Facilitated visual and auditory responses were much more common than suppressed. Pyramidal and interneurons responded to the stimulus in either hemifield with a weak bias for contralateral targets. Visual response latencies were comparable to values previously reported and later than auditory responses. Facilitated visual responses of interneurons preceded those of pyramidal neurons. Transient visual responses preceded sustained. Current-source density revealed visually evoked current sinks after auditory sinks that were transient for bright flashes and prolonged for the discrete task target. The earliest sink appeared at the L3 to L5 border and spread superficially and deeper with idiosyncratic variability across monkeys. These findings reveal new details about sensory processing in medial frontal cortex and complement our previous descriptions of the functional properties and laminar organization of neurons supporting cognitive control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:28:32Z","timestamp":1777638512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laminar architecture of visual and auditory responses in the supplementary eye field of macaques"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Pranavan","family":"Thirunavukkarasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative and Applied Neuroscience, Centre for Vision Research, Department of Biology, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0948-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Errington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Tyne and Wear , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirsaman","family":"Sajad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 500 Qiang Ye Road, Songjiang District , Shanghai 201602 ,","place":["P.R. China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W","family":"Corrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative and Applied Neuroscience, Centre for Vision Research, Department of Biology, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Schall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative and Applied Neuroscience, Centre for Vision Research, Department of Biology, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00628.2014","article-title":"Cell type- and activity-dependent extracellular correlates of intracellular spiking","volume":"114","author":"","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-04-01176.1990","article-title":"Eye position effects on visual, memory, and saccade-related activity in areas LIP and 7a of macaque","volume":"10","author":"Andersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2700-14.2015","article-title":"Mapping of functionally characterized cell classes onto canonical circuit operations in primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"35","author":"Ardid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00153","article-title":"Axonal activity in vivo: technical considerations and implications for the exploration of neural circuits in freely moving animals","volume":"9","author":"Barry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0446-20.2020","article-title":"Spatiotemporal coding in the macaque supplementary eye fields: landmark influence in the target-to-gaze transformation","volume":"8","author":"Bharmauria","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02454156","article-title":"Attention-related neurons in the supplementary eye field of the macaque monkey","volume":"113","author":"Bon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026061908191671800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.53.3.603","article-title":"Primate frontal eye fields. 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