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Even though other structures within the hippocampal-diencephalic-cingulate network also play a role in episodic memory, studies of hippocampal amnesia often ignore the importance of changes in this broader network. In a large cohort of patients (n\u00a0=\u200938) with hippocampal damage due to autoimmune limbic encephalitis, we previously found that amnesia was predominantly explained by resting-state functional abnormalities across this network. Here, we examined the integrity of individual diencephalic nuclei and white matter pathways, and its relationship with memory function. We found atrophy in the mammillary bodies, and the anterior, laterodorsal, pulvinar, and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. Atrophy was often as pronounced as that in the hippocampal formation. Diencephalic volumes predicted memory over and above any hippocampal\/subicular subfield volume estimate. White matter was compromised within and beyond this network. Fornix integrity was linked to diencephalic and hippocampal volumes, but not to recollection\/recall. We strongly advise caution in employing the term \u201cfocal hippocampal damage\u201d in cognitive neuroscience, and highlight the need to study the significance of plausibly knock-on effects in specific diencephalic nuclei and white matter tracts within broader circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:44:30Z","timestamp":1778327070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diencephalic integrity explains aspects of hippocampal amnesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios P D","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital , Headington, OX3 9DU, Oxford,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5573-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P","family":"Aggleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Cardiff University , 70 Park Pl, Cardiff, CF10 3AT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7502-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, OX3 9DU, Oxford,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London , 58 Wood Ln, London W12 7RZ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London , Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Marcoleta 367 , 8320165 Santiago, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061908182695000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002034","article-title":"Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal\u2013anterior thalamic axis","volume":"22","author":"Aggleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026061908182695000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902430310","article-title":"The origin, course, and termination of the hippocampothalamic projections in the macaque","volume":"243","author":"Aggleton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Comp 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