{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:57:51Z","timestamp":1785427071829,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motor imagery (MI) engages neural networks involved in movement execution and modulates corticospinal excitability (CSE). Proprioceptive inputs associated with movement may further influence corticospinal engagement during MI. Tendon vibration (TV) provides proprioceptive stimulation without requiring actual movement and has also been shown to increase CSE. This study investigated whether combining MI with TV enhances corticospinal excitability and whether these effects are reproducible across sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sixteen healthy participants (11 males; 24.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3\u00a0years) completed two similar sessions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to elicit motor-evoked potentials from the wrist muscle under four conditions: rest (REST), MI of maximal wrist flexion, TV applied to the wrist, and the combination of both MI and TV (MITV). CSE was quantified during each condition as the area under the recruitment curve, obtained by progressively increasing TMS intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The MITV condition led to a significantly greater increase compared to REST, MI, and TV (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Specifically, MITV showed a 80% greater increase in CSE compared with MI. In addition, the TV and MI conditions both exhibited greater CSE than REST. Reproducibility analysis revealed poor to good reliability across sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results suggest that combining MI with TV may enhance corticospinal engagement compared with MI alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:09:34Z","timestamp":1782864574000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined effects of motor imagery and tendon vibration on corticospinal excitability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7861-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Malejac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 , F-42023, Saint-\u00c9tienne,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vianney","family":"Rozand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe , INSERM, CAPS UMR 1093, 21000 Dijon ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1081-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymeric","family":"Guillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, LIBM , UR 7424, Villeurbanne ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lapole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 , F-42023, Saint-\u00c9tienne ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"IUF, Institut Universitaire de France , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01453-3","article-title":"Distinct and additive effects of visual and vibratory feedback for motor rehabilitation: an EEG study in healthy subjects","volume":"21","author":"Adham","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8382","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad123","article-title":"The touch in action: exploring sensorimotor interactions with motor imagery","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286689","article-title":"The effects of local vibration inducing a tonic vibration reflex or movement illusion on acute modulations of corticospinal excitability","volume":"603","author":"Amiez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121432","article-title":"Frontoparietal network activity during a combined action observation and proprioceptive stimulation protocol reveals long-term plasticity in the primary motor cortex","volume":"319","author":"Bisio","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011581","article-title":"The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction","volume":"261","author":"Burke","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.016","article-title":"Characterizing changes in the excitability of corticospinal projections to proximal muscles of the upper limb","volume":"6","author":"Carson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref7","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(66)90088-4","article-title":"Normal variability of tonic vibration reflexes in man","volume":"16","author":"Eklund","year":"1966","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(98)00089-x","article-title":"Corticospinal excitability is specifically modulated by motor imagery: a magnetic stimulation study","volume":"37","author":"Fadiga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4028.1382","article-title":"Proprioceptive illusions induced by muscle vibration: contribution by muscle spindles to perception?","volume":"175","author":"Goodwin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00952.2015","article-title":"New evidence of corticospinal network modulation induced by motor imagery","volume":"115","author":"Grospr\u00eatre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1024756","article-title":"Motor imagery and cortico-spinal excitability: a review","volume":"16","author":"Grospr\u00eatre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002218","article-title":"Corticospinal modulations during motor imagery of concentric, eccentric, and isometric actions","volume":"52","author":"Grospr\u00eatre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref14","volume-title":"The psychology of mental imagery in movement and action","author":"Guillot","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658","article-title":"Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: an fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Guillot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.2007539","article-title":"From simulation to motor execution: a review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance","volume":"17","author":"Guillot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1165307","article-title":"Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery","volume":"17","author":"Henschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90565-3","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation of the human brain: facilitation of motor responses by voluntary contraction of ipsilateral and contralateral muscles with additional observations on an amputee","volume":"71","author":"Hess","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00034026","article-title":"The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery","volume":"17","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108937","article-title":"Changes in corticospinal excitability during motor imagery by physical practice of a force production task: effect of the rate of force development during practice","volume":"201","author":"Kitamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199907)22:7&lt;946::AID-MUS22&gt;3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Muscle vibration: different effects on transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Kossev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2022-0061","article-title":"The effects of subthreshold vibratory noise on cortical activity during motor imagery","volume":"27","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mot Control"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4125-4","article-title":"Achilles tendon vibration-induced changes in plantar flexor corticospinal excitability","volume":"233","author":"Lapole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4336-3","article-title":"Modulation of soleus corticospinal excitability during Achilles tendon vibration","volume":"233","author":"Lapole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07938.x","article-title":"The modulation of motor cortex excitability during motor imagery depends on imagery quality","volume":"35","author":"Lebon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2026.106428","article-title":"The effect of motor imagery on corticospinal excitability and inhibition in healthy adults: a systematic review","volume":"195","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref29","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050196"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.08.003","article-title":"Rapid Acquisition of the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Stimulus Response Curve","volume":"7","author":"Mathias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.134031","article-title":"Muscle responses to transcranial stimulation in man depend on background oscillatory activity","volume":"583","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.073","article-title":"Influence of somatosensory input on corticospinal excitability during motor imagery","volume":"514","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581652","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.581652","article-title":"The vividness of motor imagery is correlated with corticospinal excitability during combined motor imagery and action observation","volume":"14","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00168.2021","article-title":"Vibration decreases the responsiveness of Ia afferents and spinal motoneurons in humans","volume":"126","author":"Nito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184828","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184828","article-title":"Intra and inter-session reliability of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation stimulus-response curves of tibialis anterior muscle in healthy older adults","volume":"12","author":"Peri","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/sejodr5-17434","article-title":"StaTips part IV: selection, interpretation and reporting of the intraclass correlation coefficient","volume":"5","author":"Perinetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"South European Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92591-4","article-title":"Comparison of the on-line effects of different motor simulation conditions on corticospinal excitability in healthy participants","volume":"11","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59255-5","article-title":"Effects of prolonged vibration to the flexor carpi radialis muscle on intracortical excitability","volume":"14","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07688.1996","article-title":"Primary motor and sensory cortex activation during motor performance and motor imagery: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"16","author":"Porro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152563","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1152563","article-title":"Enhanced motor imagery of digits within the same hand via vibrotactile stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Ramu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2019035","article-title":"French translation and validation of the movement imagery questionnaire-third version (MIQ-3f)","volume":"108","author":"Robin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricit\u00e9"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239377","article-title":"Kinaesthetic role of muscle afferents in man, studied by tendon vibration and microneurography","volume":"47","author":"Roll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.043752","article-title":"Differential effect of muscle vibration on intracortical inhibitory circuits in humans","volume":"551","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1330-3","article-title":"Focal reduction of intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex by selective proprioceptive stimulation","volume":"149","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.037","article-title":"Screening questionnaire before TMS: an update","volume":"122","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023","article-title":"Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: review and perspectives","volume":"341","author":"Ruffino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5039-8","article-title":"The influence of imagery capacity in motor performance improvement","volume":"235","author":"Ruffino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3688-8","article-title":"Acute and chronic neuromuscular adaptations to local vibration training","volume":"117","author":"Souron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2026.109256","article-title":"Attentional focus and imagery vividness facilitate corticospinal excitability during contralateral action observation and motor imagery","volume":"206","author":"Sriutaisuk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1427-3","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of muscle tendon vibration on corticospinal excitability: a TMS study","volume":"151","author":"Steyvers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0078-y","article-title":"Kinesthetic, but not visual, motor imagery modulates corticomotor excitability","volume":"168","author":"Stinear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2234-9","article-title":"Physical practice induces excitability changes in human hand motor area during motor imagery","volume":"163","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.005","article-title":"Assessing motor imagery in brain-computer interface training: psychological and neurophysiological correlates","volume":"97","author":"Vasilyev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026073010590553000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.09.014","article-title":"The relationship between corticospinal excitability during motor imagery and motor imagery ability","volume":"226","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/36\/7\/bhag106\/70389588\/bhag106.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/36\/7\/bhag106\/70389588\/bhag106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:59:14Z","timestamp":1785423554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhag106\/8747550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhag106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"bhag106"}}