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However, this view may be obscured by the contributions of regions less frequently affected by middle cerebral artery infarcts. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the neural correlates of word- and sentence-level comprehension and production in 115 individuals with left-hemisphere gliomas using multivariate lesion\u2013symptom mapping. Our findings challenge the traditional segregation of language modalities. Both word and sentence tasks were affected by damage to the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), inferior central regions, and inferior frontal gyrus, with additional involvement of the inferior parietal and posterior temporal regions for sentence processing only. Notably, lesions to the ATL impacted both comprehension and production, whereas posterior temporal damage selectively affected sentence-level performance. These findings highlight the importance of considering lesion etiology when investigating the neural architecture of language, suggesting that the classical dichotomy between \u201cproduction-frontal\u201d and \u201ccomprehension-temporal\u201d areas oversimplifies the distributed nature of the language network. Clinically, our findings suggest that intraoperative paradigms relying solely on single-word naming may fail to identify regions critical for sentence-level processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1784374929000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting the cortical architecture of language: evidence from left-hemisphere gliomas"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Effrosyni","family":"Ntemou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University , Moorenstr. 5, D\u00fcsseldorf 40225 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Thekla P","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy, Freie Universit\u00e4t , Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin 14195 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Rybka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Luisenstra\u00dfe 64, Berlin 10117 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Picht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Luisenstra\u00dfe 64, Berlin 10117 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Pulverm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy, Freie Universit\u00e4t , Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin 14195 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University , Unter den Linden 6, Berlin 10099 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Charit\u00e9platz 1, Berlin 10117 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University , Moorenstr. 5, D\u00fcsseldorf 40225 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082212314773300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad470","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of sentence production: a volumetric study of primary progressive 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