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Such activation is anticipatory, occurs in non-musicians, and can be elicited at the single-note level. These prior findings support the idea that motor activity guides auditory perception by relaying predictive timing information. However, the neural processes underlying this kind of motor activity are not fully understood. Electroencephalography studies in musicians have linked it to mu-band suppression, but the temporal scale and the generalizability to the broader population remain unclear. We recruited 25 non-musicians who learned to play a simple melody on a piano-like keyboard. Before and after training, participants passively listened to the trained melody and control melodies. Offline, electroencephalography data from the motor training were used to generate a time\u2013frequency mask with which to identify mu suppression occurring during passive listening. Significant mu suppression emerged before each note only during post-training exposure to the practiced melody. These results suggest that mu suppression occurs at the single-note level following short motor training and is not dependent on prior musical experience. Our findings support the notion that motor activity aids perception by anticipating the unfolding of learned auditory\u2013motor sequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:54:20Z","timestamp":1783770860000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mu suppression reveals auditory\u2013motor predictions after short musical training"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9455-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Bedford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 University Street, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 University Street, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4851-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Ginzburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 University Street, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Albouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"CERVO Brain Research Centre, School of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 Laval , 2601 Chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, G1J 2G3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J","family":"Zatorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , 3801 University Street, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 2B4 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia B","family":"Penhune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research , 90 Avenue Vincent-d\u2019Indy, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H2V 2S9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, McGill University , 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H3A 1G1 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montr\u00e9al, QC, H4B 1R6 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092808230176200_ref1","volume-title":"Adobe Audition [software]. 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