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Reptiles provide a key comparative framework to investigate pallial diversification and ancestral amniote traits. Here we analyzed the pallium of the turtle Trachemys scripta elegans and the gecko Paroedura picta using molecular markers, hybridization chain reaction, and 3D light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. We identify two subdivisions of the dorsal cortex defined by Satb1\/Satb2 expression, consistent with patterns reported in other sauropsids. Turtles display a pronounced rostrocaudal pallial thickening, whereas in geckos this expansion is restricted rostrally, suggesting a more limited dorsal pallial enlargement in lepidosaurs. Conversely, geckos possess a nucleus sphericus absent in turtles that may correspond to the pallial amygdala described in chelonians. Other pallial territories, including medial and lateral cortical regions and the dorsal ventricular ridge, show conserved organizational features consistent with their presence in the last common ancestor of amniotes. Developmental analyses in turtles revealed apical and basal progenitors but no detectable eomes+ intermediate progenitors. These findings indicate that reptilian pallial diversification primarily reflects lineage-specific modulation of conserved neuronal transcriptional programs, providing insight into the evolutionary origins of the neocortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:20:22Z","timestamp":1785756022000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Divergent structural trajectories for pallial regionalization within reptiles reveal conserved evolutionary blueprints"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9043-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) , Santsoena 7, Leioa 48940 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moreno-Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas & Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez , Av. Don Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, s\/n, Sant Joan d\u2019Alacant 03550 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Antonio","family":"Moreno-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas & Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez , Av. Don Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, s\/n, Sant Joan d\u2019Alacant 03550 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Complutense , Calle Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid 28040, \u00a0","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) , Santsoena 7, Leioa 48940 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV\/EHU , Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE Foundation , Mar\u00eda D\u00edaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, Bilbao 48013 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0207","article-title":"Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles","volume":"82","author":"Abdali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00059","article-title":"Combinatorial expression of Lef1, Lhx2, Lhx5, Lhx9, Lmo3, Lmo4, and Prox1 helps to identify comparable subdivisions in the developing hippocampal formation of mouse and chicken","volume":"8","author":"Abell\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.097295","article-title":"Meis2 is a Pax6 co-factor in neurogenesis and dopaminergic periglomerular fate specification in the adult olfactory bulb","volume":"141","author":"Agoston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development."},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22660","article-title":"Proposed homology of the dorsomedial subdivision and V-shaped layer of the avian hippocampus to Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus, respectively","volume":"26","author":"Atoji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus."},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.10.037","article-title":"Conserved pattern of Otp-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus and other hypothalamic sites of tetrapods","volume":"75","author":"Bardet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.037","article-title":"A simple method for 3D analysis of immunolabeled axonal tracts in a transparent nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Belle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.008","article-title":"Tridimensional visualization and analysis of early human development","volume":"169","author":"Belle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau3711","article-title":"Homology, neocortex, and the evolution of developmental mechanisms","volume":"362","author":"Briscoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24427","article-title":"Molecular anatomy of the alligator dorsal telencephalon","volume":"526","author":"Briscoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.036","article-title":"Neocortical association cell types in the forebrain of birds and alligators","volume":"28","author":"Briscoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026091611234193700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902290411","article-title":"Telencephalic connections in lizards. 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