{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:22:51Z","timestamp":1788470571894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program"},{"name":"Harley Hotchkiss Samuel Weiss Postdoctoral Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early childhood development is scaffolded by rapid maturation of brain white matter structure, believed to support the emergence of cognitive and socioemotional functions. Previous whole-tract studies have suggested patterns of white matter development occurring along posterior\u2013anterior, deep\u2013superficial, and inferior\u2013superior axes. However, these have largely been cross-sectional and employed nonspecific metrics of white matter organization. Using longitudinal diffusion imaging data from 133 children (4 to 8\u00a0years; 76 females), the present work characterizes along-tract patterns of white matter development across association, commissural, and projection bundles using fixel-based analysis. Within long range association bundles, faster age-related changes were observed for segments adjacent to the visual cortices relative to segments located near association regions, supporting a sensorimotor-association axis of brain development. An inferior\u2013superior pattern was found for projection tracts, with faster age-effects observed for segments near the brainstem. Lastly, while several association and commissural bundles exhibited faster maturation within central segments; indicative of a deep-superficial axis, effects were mixed between micro- and macrostructure, underscoring the unique developmental timing of these different fiber properties. Our findings provide evidence that within-tract white matter maturation unfolds along key spatiotemporal axes, and suggests that increased spatial precision can advance our understanding of early childhood brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:03:41Z","timestamp":1785585821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal white-matter development across early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervyn","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Dimond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1323-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Calgary , 28 Oki Dr, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine , 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001396","article-title":"Working memory development from early childhood to adolescence using two nationally representative samples","volume":"58","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.058","article-title":"Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images","volume":"141","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref4","author":"Avants","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2024.101167","article-title":"Executive functions and social cognition from early childhood to pre-adolescence: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Badarneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336675","article-title":"Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T","volume":"166","author":"Barkovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi062","article-title":"White matter development during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"15","author":"Barnea-Goraly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13031","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13031","article-title":"The role of the corpus callosum in language network connectivity in children","volume":"24","author":"Bartha-Doering","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1406.5823","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","author":"Bates","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref81a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.041","article-title":"The impact of in-scanner head motion on structural connectivity derived from diffusion MRI","volume-title":"NeuroImage","author":"Baum","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x","article-title":"A developmental perspective on executive function","volume":"81","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","article-title":"Brain charts for the human lifespan","volume":"604","author":"Bethlehem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515245920960351","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920960351","article-title":"An introduction to linear mixed-effects Modeling in R. Advances in methods and practices in psychological science","author":"Brown","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e089548","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.089548","article-title":"Harmonized tractometry visualizes Alzheimer\u2019s disease effects on the brain\u2019s white matter tract microstructure","volume":"20","author":"Chandio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.014","article-title":"Quantitative in vivo evidence for broad regional gradients in the timing of white matter maturation during adolescence","volume":"54","author":"Colby","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S436","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy267","article-title":"A Connectomic atlas of the human cerebrum\u2014chapter 13: Tractographic description of the inferior Fronto-occipital fasciculus","volume":"15","author":"Conner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.058","article-title":"Cortical maturation and myelination in healthy toddlers and young children","volume":"115","author":"Deoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0947-x","article-title":"White matter maturation profiles through early childhood predict general cognitive ability","volume":"221","author":"Deoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref20","first-page":"3010","volume-title":"A novel iterative approach to reap the benefits of multi-tissue CSD from just single-shell (+ b= 0) diffusion MRI data","author":"Dhollander","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118417","article-title":"Fixel-based analysis of diffusion MRI: methods, applications, challenges and opportunities","volume":"241","author":"Dhollander","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116552","article-title":"Early childhood development of white matter fiber density and morphology","volume":"210","author":"Dimond","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024448118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024448118","article-title":"Shifting gradients of macroscale cortical organization mark the transition from childhood to adolescence","volume":"118","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12198","article-title":"Alterations in frontostriatal pathways in children born very preterm","volume":"55","author":"Duerden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00917-2","article-title":"Periods of synchronized myelin changes shape brain function and plasticity","volume":"24","author":"Faria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00221.2016","article-title":"White matter and cognition: making the connection","volume":"116","author":"Filley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020162","article-title":"Emergent aspects of the integration of sensory and motor functions","volume":"15","author":"Florio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2025.04.001","article-title":"A hierarchical model of early brain functional network development","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1363","article-title":"Temporal and spatial development of axonal maturation and myelination of white matter in the developing brain","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00175","article-title":"QuickBundles, a method for Tractography simplification","volume":"6","author":"Garyfallidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae049","article-title":"CAT: a computational anatomy toolbox for the analysis of structural MRI data","volume-title":"Gigascience","author":"Gaser","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24706","article-title":"A multiparametric analysis of white matter maturation during late childhood and adolescence","volume":"40","author":"Geeraert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.043","article-title":"Development of white matter fibre density and morphology over childhood: a longitudinal fixel-based analysis","volume":"183","author":"Genc","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref81b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24964","article-title":"Impact of b -value on estimates of apparent fibre density","volume":"41","author":"Genc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24439","article-title":"White matter microstructural development and cognitive ability in the first 2 years of life","volume":"40","author":"Girault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66796-y","article-title":"Focal white matter disruptions along the cingulum tract explain cognitive decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)","volume":"10","author":"Gozdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14692","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14692","article-title":"White matter maturation is associated with the emergence of theory of mind in early childhood","volume":"8","author":"Grosse Wiesmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28326-4","article-title":"White matter myelination during early infancy is linked to spatial gradients and myelin content at birth","volume":"13","author":"Grotheer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy330","article-title":"Waves of maturation and senescence in micro-structural MRI markers of human cortical myelination over the lifespan","volume":"29","author":"Grydeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116673","article-title":"Superficial white matter: a review on the dMRI analysis methods and applications","volume":"212","author":"Guevara","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.044","article-title":"Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited\u2014comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"32","author":"Hofer","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22099","article-title":"Investigating the prevalence of complex fiber configurations in white matter tissue with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Jeurissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20484","article-title":"PASTA: pointwise assessment of streamline tractography attributes","volume":"53","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22330","article-title":"Diffusion tensor tractography of the human brain cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways: a quantitative preliminary study","volume":"32","author":"Kamali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.005","article-title":"Hierarchical functional system development supports executive function","volume":"27","author":"Keller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhaf291","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf291","article-title":"Mapping along-tract commissural and association white matter microstructural differences in autistic children and young adults","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.017","article-title":"Changes in white matter microstructure in the developing brain\u2014a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study of children from 4 to 11 years of age","volume":"124","author":"Krogsrud","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.097","article-title":"The development of brain white matter microstructure","volume":"182","author":"Lebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3778","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3778","article-title":"A review of diffusion MRI of typical white matter development from early childhood to young adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Lebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47748-w","article-title":"Functional connectivity development along the sensorimotor-association axis enhances the cortical hierarchy","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68714-8","article-title":"Two axes of white matter development","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116672","article-title":"Magnitude and timing of major white matter tract maturation from infancy through adolescence with NODDI","volume":"212","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00094","article-title":"The nomenclature of human white matter association pathways: proposal for a systematic taxonomic anatomical classification","volume":"12","author":"Mandonnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117442","article-title":"Characterization of the cortical myeloarchitecture with inhomogeneous magnetization transfer imaging (ihMT)","volume":"225","author":"Munsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929041920441","article-title":"Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood","volume":"16","author":"Nagy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.06.035","article-title":"Functional anatomy of subcortical circuits issuing from or integrating at the human brainstem","volume":"123","author":"Prats-Galino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref81c"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.045","article-title":"Apparent fibre density: a novel measure for the analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images","volume":"59","author":"Raffelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.029","article-title":"Investigating white matter fibre density and morphology using fixel-based analysis","volume":"144","author":"Raffelt","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.04.004","article-title":"Global and regional white matter development in early childhood","volume":"196","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02642-x","article-title":"Superficial white matter across development, young adulthood, and aging: volume, thickness, and relationship with cortical features","volume":"228","author":"Schilling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"imag\u20131\u201300050","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00050","article-title":"White matter tract microstructure, macrostructure, and associated cortical gray matter morphology across the lifespan. Imaging","volume":"1","author":"Schilling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15425","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0203-14.2014","article-title":"Accelerated changes in white matter microstructure during aging: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"34","author":"Sexton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.107048","article-title":"Along-tract analysis of the white matter is more informative about brain ageing, compared to whole-tract analysis","volume":"211","author":"Shirazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230137","DOI":"10.36416\/1806-3756\/e20230137","article-title":"Mixed-effects model: a useful statistical tool for longitudinal and cluster studies","volume":"49","author":"Silveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.044","article-title":"Developmental stages and sex differences of white matter and behavioral development through adolescence: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study","volume":"92","author":"Simmonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.016","article-title":"Neurodevelopment of the association cortices: patterns, mechanisms, and implications for psychopathology","volume":"109","author":"Sydnor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01282-y","article-title":"Intrinsic activity development unfolds along a sensorimotor\u2013association cortical axis in youth","volume":"26","author":"Sydnor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.12.002","article-title":"Diffusion MRI of white matter microstructure development in childhood and adolescence: methods, challenges and progress","volume":"33","author":"Tamnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29886-1","article-title":"Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling of structure and function in human transmodal cortex","volume":"13","author":"Valk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25174","article-title":"Magnetization transfer from inhomogeneously broadened lines: a potential marker for myelin","volume":"73","author":"Varma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112098","article-title":"Diffusion MRI tractography with along-tract profiling reveals subtle neurodevelopmental differences between moderate and late preterm infants","volume":"187","author":"Verschuur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.070","article-title":"TractSeg - fast and accurate white matter tract segmentation","volume":"183","author":"Wasserthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref74","author":"Wasserthal","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101559","article-title":"Combined tract segmentation and orientation mapping for bundle-specific tractography","volume":"58","author":"Wasserthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22455","article-title":"The corticospinal tract: evolution, development, and human disorders","volume":"77","author":"Welniarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00424","article-title":"Myelin dynamics throughout life: an ever-changing landscape?","volume":"12","author":"Williamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref78","author":"Yakovlev","year":"1967"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049790","article-title":"Tract profiles of white matter properties: automating Fiber-tract quantification","volume":"7","author":"Yeatman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090316510487400_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70041","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70041","article-title":"Assessment of the depiction of superficial white matter using ultra-high-resolution diffusion MRI","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/36\/9\/bhag132\/70948768\/bhag132.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/36\/9\/bhag132\/70948768\/bhag132.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:51:15Z","timestamp":1788468675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhag132\/8785145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhag132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"bhag132"}}