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Temporal irreversibility quantifies directional brain dynamics, capturing the temporal organization of brain function. We examined whether EPT birth alters temporal irreversibility at 10\u00a0years and its association with cognition at 12\u00a0years. Resting-state functional MRI was acquired at 10\u00a0years of age in 33 children born EPT and 26 term-born controls. At 12\u00a0years of age, 29 children born EPT and 21 term-born controls underwent cognitive assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth edition (WISC-V). Temporal irreversibility was quantified globally, across large-scale functional networks (visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, salience, limbic, control, and default mode [DMN]), and at the node level using the INSIDEOUT framework. Children born EPT showed reduced temporal irreversibility globally and in higher-order association networks (control and DMN, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01; dorsal attention and salience, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Node-level analyses identified two association-network parcels that remained significant after false discovery rate correction (left precuneus and right dorsomedial frontal cortices). Within the EPT group, fluid reasoning was the only WISC-V domain significantly associated with temporal irreversibility, with higher global irreversibility associated with poorer fluid reasoning. These findings may inform future neurodevelopmental monitoring and intervention strategies after prematurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1792385331000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal brain dynamics and fluid reasoning after extreme prematurity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet , Tomtebodav\u00e4gen 18A, Stockholm S-171 77 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anira","family":"Escrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9193-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"del Agua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Kringelbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital , Warneford Ln, Oxford OX3 7JX, Storbritannien ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University Hospital N\u00f8rrebrogade 44 , Building 10G, 4th and 5th floor, 8000 Aarhus C ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Donaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Universidad de Barcelona and Institut D\u2019investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3\u20135, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Deco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Clayton, VIC 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Passeig Llu\u00eds Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for human Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1A, 04103 Leipzig 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