{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:05:49Z","timestamp":1791187549310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhk040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]],"date-time":"2006-05-24T20:36:32Z","timestamp":1148502992000},"page":"865-877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Decision-Making in Blackjack: An Electrophysiological Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hewig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Trippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.H.","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clay B.","family":"Holroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang H.R.","family":"Miltner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib1","article-title":"Brain electric source analysis (BESA) handbook, version 2.0","author":"Berg","year":"1994"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.747","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance","volume":"280","author":"Carter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<358::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviors: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse","volume":"88","author":"Comings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199606000-00004","article-title":"A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling","volume":"6","author":"Comings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00630.x","article-title":"Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation","volume":"5","author":"Dehaene","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90062-9","article-title":"Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks","volume":"78","author":"Falkenstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib7","article-title":"Rasch models\u2014foundations recent developments, and applications","author":"Fischer","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.020","article-title":"Error-related negativity predicts reinforcement learning and conflict biases","volume":"47","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x","article-title":"A neural system for error detection and compensation","volume":"4","author":"Gehring","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00206","article-title":"Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Gehring","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5563","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066893","article-title":"The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses","volume":"295","author":"Gehring","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib12","first-page":"14","article-title":"Are all medial frontal negativities created equal? Toward a richer empirical basis for theories of action monitoring","volume-title":"Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring","author":"Gehring","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9","article-title":"A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact","volume":"55","author":"Gratton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00278.x","article-title":"Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Hajcak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00270.x","article-title":"On the ERN and the significance of errors","volume":"42","author":"Hajcak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib16","article-title":"Item response theory. Principles and applications","author":"Hambleton","year":"1985"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70185-4","article-title":"Pathological gambling","volume":"23","author":"Hollander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatric clinics of North America"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib18","first-page":"211","article-title":"A note on the N200 and the feedback ERN","volume-title":"Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring","author":"Holroyd","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","article-title":"The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity","volume":"109","author":"Holroyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5573","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5573.1610","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex and error potentials","volume":"296","author":"Holroyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00035-4","article-title":"Error-related scalp potentials elicited by hand and foot movements: evidence for an output-independent error-processing system in humans","volume":"242","author":"Holroyd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.12.015","article-title":"The good, the bad and the neutral: electrophysiological responses to feedback stimuli","volume-title":"Brain Res","author":"Holroyd","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00152.x","article-title":"Context dependence of the event-related brain potential associated with reward and punishment","volume":"41","author":"Holroyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"18","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312190-00037","article-title":"Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potential","volume":"14","author":"Holroyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1238","article-title":"Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signals","volume":"7","author":"Holroyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.2.163","article-title":"A mechanism for error detection in speeded response time tasks","volume":"134","author":"Holroyd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720216","article-title":"Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"37","author":"Kiehl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.01417","article-title":"Electrophysiological responses to errors and feedback in the process of action regulation","volume":"14","author":"Luu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib29","first-page":"129","article-title":"What if I told you: \u201cyou were wrong\u201d? Brain potentials and behavioral adjustments elicited by feedback in a time-estimation task","volume-title":"Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring","author":"Mars","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.6.788","article-title":"Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: evidence for a \u2018\u2019generic\u2018\u2019 neural system for error detection","volume":"9","author":"Miltner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(03)00107-8","article-title":"Implementation of error-processing in the human anterior cingulate cortex: a source analysis of the magnetic equivalent of the error-related negativity","volume":"64","author":"Miltner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003","article-title":"Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: origins and functional significance","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04152.x","article-title":"Knowing good from bad: differential activation of human cortical areas by positive and negative outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh034","article-title":"Sensitivity of electrophysiological activity from medial frontal cortex to utilitarian and performance feedback","volume":"14","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/35077500","article-title":"Primate anterior cingulate cortex: where motor control, drive and cognition interface","volume":"2","author":"Paus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02107.x","article-title":"Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: an analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli","volume":"33","author":"Scheffers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.2.135","article-title":"Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction","volume":"88","author":"Sutton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0935","article-title":"Subprocesses of performance monitoring: a dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs","volume":"14","author":"Ullsperger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"16","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200411150-00027","article-title":"Error-related negativity reflects detection of negative reward prediction error","volume":"15","author":"Yasuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.931","article-title":"The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity","volume":"111","author":"Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh153","article-title":"ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choice","volume":"15","author":"Yeung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"28","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170520235028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6258","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4537-03.2004","article-title":"Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain","volume":"24","author":"Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/17\/4\/865\/17297395\/bhk040.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T17:09:03Z","timestamp":1503421743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhk040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhk040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2199","1047-3211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]}}}