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The process by which lead produces these negative changes is largely unknown. The fact that children with these syndromes also show deficits in central auditory processing, however, indicates a speculative but disturbing relationship between lead-exposure, impaired auditory processing, and behavioral dysfunction. Here we studied in rats the changes in cortical spatial tuning impacted by early lead-exposure and their potential restoration to normal by auditory training. We found animals that were exposed to lead early in life displayed significant behavioral impairments compared with na\u00efve controls while conducting the sound-azimuth discrimination task. Lead-exposure also degraded the sound-azimuth selectivity of neurons in the primary auditory cortex. Subsequent sound-azimuth discrimination training, however, restored to nearly normal the lead-degraded cortical azimuth selectivity. This reversal of cortical spatial fidelity was paralleled by changes in cortical expression of certain excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor subunits. These results in a rodent model demonstrate the persisting neurotoxic effects of early lead-exposure on behavioral and cortical neuronal processing of spatial information of sound. They also indicate that attention-demanding auditory training may remediate lead-induced cortical neurological deficits even after these deficits have occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T23:41:03Z","timestamp":1532648463000},"page":"3294-3304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Auditory Training Reverses Lead (Pb)-Toxicity-Induced Changes in Sound-Azimuth Selectivity of Cortical Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanfan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinde","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M","family":"Merzenich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Plasticity Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana I","family":"Lurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical & 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