{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:47:56Z","timestamp":1778734076618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The striatum has long been associated with cognitive functions, but the mechanisms behind this are still unclear. Here we tested a new hypothesis that the striatum contributes to executive function (EF) by strengthening cortico-cortical connections. Striatal connectivity was evaluated by measuring the resting-state functional connectivity between ventral and dorsal striatum in 570 individuals, aged 3\u201320\u00a0years. Using structural equation modeling, we found that inter-individual differences in striatal connectivity had an indirect effect (via fronto-parietal functional connectivity) and a direct effect on a compound EF measure of working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting\/flexibility. The effect of fronto-parietal connectivity on cognition did not depend on age: the influence was as strong in older as younger children. In contrast, striatal connectivity was closely related to changes in cognitive ability during childhood development, suggesting a specific role of the striatum in cognitive plasticity. These results support a new principle for striatal functioning, according to which striatum promotes cognitive development by strengthening of cortico-cortical connectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T11:09:18Z","timestamp":1557918558000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inter-Individual Differences in Striatal Connectivity Is Related to Executive Function Through Fronto-Parietal Connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Darki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sauce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torkel","family":"Klingberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000001","article-title":"The NIH toolbox cognition battery: results from a large normative developmental sample (PING)","volume":"28","author":"Akshoomoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref2","first-page":"266","article-title":"Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"TINS."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4517-14.2015","article-title":"Cognitive training enhances intrinsic brain connectivity in childhood","volume":"35","author":"Astle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1817","article-title":"Separate neural substrates for skill learning and performance in the ventral and dorsal striatum","volume":"10","author":"Atallah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.12.019","article-title":"Cocaine seeking habits depend upon dopamine-dependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum","volume":"57","author":"Belin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.037","article-title":"Convergence of prefrontal and parietal anatomical projections in a connectional hub in the striatum","volume":"146","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00270.2012","article-title":"The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"108","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications","author":"Chou","year":"1995"},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.014","article-title":"Intrinsic and task-evoked network architectures of the human brain","volume":"83","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037015","article-title":"Opponent actor learning (OpAL): modeling interactive effects of striatal dopamine on reinforcement learning and choice incentive","volume":"121","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155466","article-title":"Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum","volume":"320","author":"Dahlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht352","article-title":"The role of fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal networks in the development of working memory: a longitudinal study","volume":"25","author":"Darki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.054","article-title":"Functional differentiation between convergence and non-convergence zones of the striatum in children","volume":"173","author":"Darki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.027","article-title":"Influence of the COMT genotype on working memory and brain activity changes during development","volume":"70","author":"Dumontheil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","article-title":"Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion","volume":"8","author":"Everitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13507","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705843104","article-title":"Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration","volume":"104","author":"Fair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.023","article-title":"Unity and diversity of executive functions: individual differences as a window on cognitive structure","volume":"86","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.137.2.201","article-title":"Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin","volume":"137","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.09.004","article-title":"The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus","volume":"86","author":"Grahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851","article-title":"Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain","volume":"31","author":"Graybiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000","article-title":"Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum","volume":"20","author":"Haber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2055","article-title":"Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex\/basal ganglia system","volume":"362","author":"Hazy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron J Bus Res Methods."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs227","article-title":"The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.049","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling of resting-state fMRI: applicability of group models to individual subjects","volume":"45","author":"James","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2636-14.2015","article-title":"Converging structural and functional connectivity of orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex in the human striatum","volume":"35","author":"Jarbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.057","article-title":"The pediatric imaging, neurocognition, and genetics (PING) data repository","volume":"124","author":"Jernigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21444","article-title":"Functional brain connectivity at rest changes after working memory training","volume":"34","author":"Jolles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref30","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.06.007","article-title":"Childhood cognitive development as a skill","volume":"18","author":"Klingberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.05.003","article-title":"Neural basis of cognitive training and development","volume":"10","author":"Klingberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8259522","article-title":"The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge","volume":"262","author":"Knowlton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22007","article-title":"The dynamics of change in striatal activity following updating training","volume":"34","author":"Kuhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5565-12.2013","article-title":"Strengthened effective connectivity underlies transfer of working memory training to tests of short-term memory and attention","volume":"33","author":"Kundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168801200205","article-title":"Residual centering, exploratory and confirmatory moderator analysis, and decomposition of effects in path models containing interactions","volume":"12","author":"Lance","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x","article-title":"Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood","volume":"75","author":"Luna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-034054","article-title":"An integrative model of the maturation of cognitive control","volume":"38","author":"Luna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2024","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996","article-title":"A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.006","article-title":"Interaction between striatal volume and DAT1 polymorphism predicts working memory development during adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Nemmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01031","article-title":"Grit is associated to structure of nucleus accumbens and gains in cognitive training","volume":"28","author":"Nemmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1165","article-title":"Increased prefrontal and parietal brain activity after training of working memory","volume":"7","author":"Olesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937","article-title":"Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia","volume":"25","author":"Packard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913113107","article-title":"Neuronal synchrony reveals working memory networks and predicts individual memory capacity","volume":"107","author":"Palva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref46","first-page":"485","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of the functional ventrodorsal architecture of the human striatum","volume":"27","author":"Piray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563652","article-title":"What\"-then-where\" in visual working memory: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Postle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.045","article-title":"Resting-state networks predict individual differences in common and specific aspects of executive function","volume":"104","author":"Reineberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90423-9","article-title":"Age-dependent decline in human brain dopamine D1 and D2 receptors","volume":"508","author":"Rinne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.03.007","article-title":"Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI","volume":"25","author":"Rogers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.06.037","article-title":"Assessing the working memory network: studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging and structural equation modeling","volume":"139","author":"Schl\u00f6sser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338","article-title":"Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review","volume":"99","author":"Schreiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Educ Res."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010503","article-title":"Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults","volume":"1","author":"Seeman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Synapse."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.08.002","article-title":"Development of the default mode and central executive networks across early adolescence: a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Sherman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.044","article-title":"Developmental stages and sex differences of white matter and behavioral development through adolescence: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study","volume":"92","author":"Simmonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4611-09.2010","article-title":"Training of working memory impacts structural connectivity","volume":"30","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.09.007","article-title":"Effects of working memory training on functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow during rest","volume":"49","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0842-13.2014","article-title":"Structural maturation and brain activity predict future working memory capacity during childhood development","volume":"34","author":"Ullman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","article-title":"The WU-Minn human connectome project: an overview","volume":"80","author":"Van Essen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2019091012405776400_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz117\/29514664\/bhz117.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T18:04:00Z","timestamp":1568138640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz117\/5543637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"article-number":"bhz117"}}