{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1791915006037,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR001117S0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR001117S0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCRR and the NCATS National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 RR025758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR025758"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD07616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD07616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS085491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS085491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS082870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS082870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 MH099196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MH099196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS073601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS073601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD069776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD069776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011039","name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-13121700007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-13121700007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluid intelligence (gf) represents a crucial component of human cognition, as it correlates with academic achievement, successful aging, and longevity. However, it has strong resilience against enhancement interventions, making the identification of gf enhancement approaches a key unmet goal of cognitive neuroscience. Here, we applied a spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)-inducing brain stimulation protocol, named cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (cc-PAS), to modulate gf in 29 healthy young subjects (13 females\u2014mean\u2009\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation, 25.43\u00a0years\u2009\u00b1\u20093.69), based on dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Pairs of neuronavigated TMS pulses (10-ms interval) were delivered over two frontoparietal nodes of the gf network, based on individual functional magnetic resonance imaging data and in accordance with cognitive models of information processing across the prefrontal and parietal lobe. cc-PAS enhanced accuracy at gf tasks, with parieto-frontal and fronto-parietal stimulation significantly increasing logical and relational reasoning, respectively. Results suggest the possibility of using SPTD-inducing TMS protocols to causally validate cognitive models by selectively engaging relevant networks and manipulating inter-regional temporal dynamics supporting specific cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T15:09:34Z","timestamp":1564067374000},"page":"1516-1527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Cognitive Enhancement via Network-Targeted Cortico-cortical Associative Brain Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6048-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D","family":"Momi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Coiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Smeralda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D","family":"Veniero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Sprugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA\u00a002215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA\u00a002215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","article-title":"Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: a consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia","volume":"73","author":"Alsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0967-4","article-title":"There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: a reply to Melby-Lerv\u00e5g and Hulme (2015)","volume":"23","author":"Au","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b136169","volume-title":"In: Positron emission tomography: basic sciences","author":"Bailey","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.612","article-title":"When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer","volume":"128","author":"Barnett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200010)44:4<625::AID-MRM17>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data","volume":"44","author":"Basser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.267","article-title":"Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects postpartum emotions and cognition","volume":"135","author":"Beard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911855107","article-title":"Toward discovery science of human brain function","volume":"107","author":"Biswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.4.526","article-title":"Enhancing analogic reasoning with rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex","volume":"56","author":"Boroojerdi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.015","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects conflict-induced behavioural adaptation in a Wisconsin card sorting test analogue","volume":"94","author":"Boschin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.060","article-title":"Spike-timing-dependent plasticity in the human dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"143","author":"Casula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046743","article-title":"Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: a critical experiment","volume":"54","author":"Cattell","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.02.001","article-title":"Intelligence and educational achievement","volume":"35","author":"Deary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref13","first-page":"10","article-title":"How many camels are there in Italy? Cognitive estimates standardised on the Italian population","volume":"24","author":"Della Sala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.017","article-title":"Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited","volume":"59","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20718","article-title":"Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty","volume":"30","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113103109","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates the brain\u2019s intrinsic activity in a frequency-dependent manner","volume":"108","author":"Eldaief","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1515\/jped-2015-0002","article-title":"The relationship between fluid intelligence and learning potential: is there an interaction with Attentional control?","volume":"6","author":"Filickov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pedagogy."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2307\/2341124","article-title":"The Goodness of Fit of Regression Formulae, and the Distribution of Regression Coefficients","volume":"85","author":"Fisher","year":"1922","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.035","article-title":"Measuring and manipulating brain connectivity with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)","volume":"62","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref20","article-title":"Dendritic synapse location and neocortical spike-timing-dependent plasticity","volume":"2","author":"Froemke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8301","article-title":"Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study","volume":"96","author":"Garavan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00076","article-title":"Fluid intelligence and brain functional organization in aging yoga and meditation practitioners","volume":"6","author":"Gard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref23","first-page":"25","author":"Gottfredson","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01301001.x","article-title":"Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?","volume":"13","author":"Gottfredson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.001","article-title":"Induction of long-term plasticity in human swallowing motor cortex following repetitive cortical stimulation","volume":"115","author":"Gow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.09.034","article-title":"The effect of long-term high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on working memory in schizophrenia and healthy controls\u2014a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind fMRI study","volume":"237","author":"Guse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00034","article-title":"Increased intelligence is a myth (so far)","volume":"8","author":"Haier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2014.10.005","article-title":"Do we really become smarter when our fluid-intelligence test scores improve?","volume":"48","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BRAT.0000006333.93597.9d","article-title":"Using the international 10\u201320 EEG system for positioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Herwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl183","article-title":"Probing the pathophysiology of auditory\/verbal hallucinations by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023816","article-title":"Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences","volume":"57","author":"Horn","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562525","article-title":"Shifting from the perceptual brain to the logical brain: the neural impact of cognitive inhibition training","volume":"12","author":"Houd\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref33","volume-title":"BM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0","author":"Corp","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X07001185","article-title":"The parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0598-07.2007","article-title":"Focal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex increases the excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex","volume":"27","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9725","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4988-12.2013","article-title":"Hebbian and anti-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity of human cortico-cortical connections","volume":"33","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.03.009","article-title":"Cortical paired associative stimulation influences response inhibition: cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks","volume":"85","author":"Kohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.01.008","article-title":"The novelty value of the combined use of electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuroscience research","volume":"52","author":"Komssi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20136","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts","volume":"25","author":"Laird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14765","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14765","article-title":"The enhanced information flow from visual cortex to frontal area facilitates SSVEP response: evidence from model-driven and data-driven causality analysis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.007","article-title":"Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)","volume":"85","author":"Luber","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/36846","article-title":"The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions","volume":"390","author":"Luck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.2.525","article-title":"Recreating Raven\u2019s: software for systematically generating large numbers of Raven-like matrix problems with normed properties","volume":"42","author":"Matzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00099-3","article-title":"Long-term repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cholecystokinin mRNA, but not neuropeptide tyrosine mRNA in specific areas of rat brain","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90012-3","article-title":"Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception","volume":"9","author":"Navon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognit Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.51.2.77","article-title":"Intelligence: knowns and unknowns","volume":"51","author":"Neisser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.016","article-title":"The influence of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on fluid intelligence: an fMRI study","volume":"118","author":"Neubauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ, Robert Stelmack: Differential Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.03.015","article-title":"The effect of frontoparietal paired associative stimulation on decision-making and working memory","volume":"117","author":"Nord","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex J Devoted Study Nerv Syst Behav."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.015","article-title":"The effects of theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on fluid intelligence","volume":"93","author":"Pahor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.026","article-title":"Recomposing a fragmented literature: how conditional and relational arguments engage different neural systems for deductive reasoning","volume":"51","author":"Prado","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref51","author":"Raven","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.3.343","article-title":"Examining the impact of integrating physical activity on fluid intelligence and academic performance in an elementary school setting: a preliminary investigation","volume":"7","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0175-z","article-title":"The prediction of students\u2019 academic performance with fluid intelligence in giving special consideration to the contribution of learning","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref54","first-page":"907","article-title":"Paired associative stimulation of left and right human motor cortex shapes interhemispheric motor inhibition based on a Hebbian mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Rizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"CerebCortex."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.05.004","article-title":"Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability","volume":"35","author":"Rohde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.009","article-title":"Empowering Reentrant projections from V5 to V1 boosts sensitivity to motion","volume":"26","author":"Romei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.059","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging indicators of successful executive control in the oldest old","volume":"28","author":"Rosano","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","article-title":"Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research","volume":"120","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential","volume":"68","author":"Rossini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.04.008","article-title":"Dissecting the parieto-frontal correlates of fluid intelligence: a comprehensive ALE meta-analysis study","volume":"63","author":"Santarnecchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24329","article-title":"Modulation of network-to-network connectivity via spike-timing-dependent noninvasive brain stimulation","volume":"39","author":"Santarnecchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.11.003","article-title":"Individual differences and specificity of prefrontal gamma frequency-tACS on fluid intelligence capabilities","volume":"75","author":"Santarnecchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex J Devoted Study Nerv Syst Behav."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.022","article-title":"Frequency-dependent enhancement of fluid intelligence induced by transcranial oscillatory potentials","volume":"23","author":"Santarnecchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.11.005","article-title":"The smarter, the stronger: intelligence level correlates with brain resilience to systematic insults","volume":"64","author":"Santarnecchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex J Devoted Study Nerv Syst Behav."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref65","author":"Sartori","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x","article-title":"Music lessons enhance IQ","volume":"15","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Sci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab0551","article-title":"Cortical information flow during flexible sensorimotor decisions","volume":"348","author":"Siegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.014","article-title":"Exploring the effectiveness of commercial and custom-built games for cognitive training","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref69","author":"Sporns","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.05.020","article-title":"Effect of beta and gamma neurofeedback on memory and intelligence in the elderly","volume":"95","author":"Staufenbiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.023317","article-title":"Mechanisms of enhancement of human motor cortex excitability induced by interventional paired associative stimulation","volume":"543","author":"Stefan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2020102920005018100_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.572","article-title":"Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation","volume":"123","author":"Stefan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref73","first-page":"448","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"JIntNeuropsycholSoc."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2011.01.003","article-title":"Improving general intelligence with a nutrient-based pharmacological intervention","volume":"39","author":"Stough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.6.2624","article-title":"Cerebral blood-flow changes induced by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex","volume":"85","author":"Strafella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.07.006","article-title":"Score gains on g-loaded tests: No g","volume":"35","author":"te Nijenhuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x","article-title":"Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children","volume":"12","author":"Thorell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Sci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","article-title":"A feature-integration theory of attention","volume":"12","author":"Treisman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognit Psychol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21186","article-title":"Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses","volume":"33","author":"Turkeltaub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13773","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1777-13.2013","article-title":"Paired associative stimulation enforces the communication between interconnected areas","volume":"33","author":"Veniero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.04.005","article-title":"Psychometric intelligence and achievement: a cross-lagged panel analysis","volume":"35","author":"Watkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref83","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale\u2014revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl221","article-title":"The two sides of associative plasticity in writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"129","author":"Weise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0073","article-title":"Conn: a functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks","volume":"2","author":"Whitfield-Gabrieli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00900.2002","article-title":"A temporally asymmetric Hebbian rule governing plasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"89","author":"Wolters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020102920005018100_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007928107","article-title":"Fluid intelligence loss linked to restricted regions of damage within frontal and parietal cortex","volume":"107","author":"Woolgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/1516\/33459164\/bhz182.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/1516\/33459164\/bhz182.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T20:01:16Z","timestamp":1604001676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/30\/3\/1516\/5610052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]}}}