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To achieve this ability, the brain does not only control specific muscular patterns, but it also needs to represent the abstract goal of an action, irrespective of its implementation. It is debated, however, how abstract action goals are implemented in the brain. To address this question, we used multivariate pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Human participants performed grasping actions (precision grip, whole hand grip) with two different wrist orientations (canonical, rotated), using either the left or right hand. This design permitted to investigate a hierarchical organization consisting of three levels of abstraction: 1) \u201cconcrete action\u201d encoding; 2) \u201ceffector-dependent goal\u201d encoding (invariant to wrist orientation); and 3) \u201ceffector-independent goal\u201d encoding (invariant to effector and wrist orientation). We found that motor cortices hosted joint encoding of concrete actions and of effector-dependent goals, while the parietal lobe housed a convergence of all three representations, comprising action goals within and across effectors. The left lateral occipito-temporal cortex showed effector-independent goal encoding, but no convergence across the three levels of representation. Our results support a hierarchical organization of action encoding, shedding light on the neural substrates supporting the extraordinary flexibility of human hand behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T19:20:59Z","timestamp":1572031259000},"page":"2924-2938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Hierarchical Action Encoding Within the Human Brain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Turella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences\u2014CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Rumiati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste 34136, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Lingnau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences\u2014CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050409380527100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5417","article-title":"Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplecig human","volume":"348","author":"Aflalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020050409380527100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.025","article-title":"Optic ataxia: from Balint\u2019s 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