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Here, we shed light onto this paradox, based on a combination of extracellular recordings in vivo, in vitro, and computational models. We find two types of slow waves, based on analyzing the temporal patterns of successive slow-wave events. The first type is consistently observed in natural slow-wave sleep, while the second is shown to be ubiquitous under anesthesia. Network models of spiking neurons predict that the two slow wave types emerge due to a different gain on inhibitory versus excitatory cells and that different levels of spike-frequency adaptation in excitatory cells can account for dynamical distinctions between the two types. This prediction was tested in vitro by varying adaptation strength using an agonist of acetylcholine receptors, which demonstrated a neuromodulatory switch between the two types of slow waves. Finally, we show that the first type of slow-wave dynamics is more sensitive to external stimuli, which can explain how slow waves in sleep and anesthesia differentially affect memory consolidation, as well as provide a link between slow-wave dynamics and memory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T15:12:54Z","timestamp":1575472374000},"page":"3451-3466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cholinergic Switch between Two Types of Slow Waves in Cerebral Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Trang-Anh E","family":"Nghiem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physics, Department of Physics, Ecole Normale 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