{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:36:18Z","timestamp":1772138178686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN 2016\u201306066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2016\u201306066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP 249071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP 249071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Whether you are a gazelle bounding to the richest tract of grassland or a return customer heading to the freshest farm stand at a crowded market, the ability to learn the value of spatial locations is important in adaptive behavior. The ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF) is implicated in value-based decisions between objects and in flexibly learning to choose between objects based on feedback. However, it is unclear if this region plays a material-general role in reward learning. Here, we tested whether VMF is necessary for learning the value of spatial locations. People with VMF damage were compared with healthy participants and a control group with frontal damage sparing VMF in an incentivized spatial search task. Participants chose among spatial targets distributed among distractors, rewarded with an expected value that varied along the right-left axis of the screen. People with VMF damage showed a weaker tendency to reap reward in contralesional hemispace. In some individuals, this impairment could be dissociated from the ability to make value-based decisions between objects, assessed separately. This is the first evidence that the VMF is critically involved in reward-guided spatial search and offers a novel perspective on the relationships between value, spatial attention, and decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T15:10:14Z","timestamp":1576249814000},"page":"3632-3643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Value Neglect: A Critical Role for Ventromedial Frontal Lobe in Learning the Value of Spatial Locations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill Univesity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley K","family":"Fellows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill Univesity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12360","article-title":"The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance","volume":"1316","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3515","article-title":"Online evaluation of novel choices by simultaneous representation of multiple memories","volume":"16","author":"Barron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063","article-title":"The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value","volume":"76","author":"Bartra","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908104107","article-title":"How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making","volume":"107","author":"Basten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref5","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia examination","author":"Benton","year":"1989"},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037190","article-title":"Depth of processing pictures of faces and recognition memory","volume":"103","author":"Bower","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000421","article-title":"Choosing spouses and houses: impaired congruence between preference and choice following damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"32","author":"Bowren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15048","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3164-11.2011","article-title":"Double dissociation of stimulus-value and action-value learning in humans with orbitofrontal or anterior cingulate cortex damage","volume":"31","author":"Camille","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.220","article-title":"The anatomical connections of the macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex. A review","volume":"10","author":"Cavada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8594","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0277-14.2014","article-title":"Altering spatial priority maps via reward-based learning","volume":"34","author":"Chelazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.05.007","article-title":"Making decisions through a distributed consensus","volume":"22","author":"Cisek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol, Decision Making."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00224-X","article-title":"Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences","volume":"40","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2010.513967","article-title":"Point and interval estimates of effect sizes for the case-controls design in neuropsychology: rationale, methods, implementations, and proposed reporting standards","volume":"27","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06569-4","article-title":"An intrinsic association between olfactory identification and spatial memory in humans","volume":"9","author":"Dahmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/85.4.665","article-title":"The token test: a sensitive test to detect receptive disturbances in aphasics","volume":"85","author":"De Renzi","year":"1962","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4438","article-title":"Viewpoints: dialogues on the functional role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.74","article-title":"Prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in episodic memory","volume":"18","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01964","article-title":"Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation","volume":"425","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.06.011","article-title":"Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection","volume":"10","author":"Fecteau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg180","article-title":"Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm","volume":"126","author":"Fellows","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.04.023","article-title":"Effective connectivity between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex controls preferential choices from memory","volume":"86","author":"Gluth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.009","article-title":"From thought to action: the parietal cortex as a bridge between perception, action, and cognition","volume":"53","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108405109","article-title":"Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Grober","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2856","article-title":"Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment","volume":"14","author":"Hayden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt094","article-title":"Dissecting the uncinate fasciculus: disorders, controversies and a hypothesis","volume":"136","author":"Heide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.006","article-title":"Ventromedial frontal lobe damage disrupts the accuracy, but not the speed, of value-based preference judgments","volume":"50","author":"Henri-Bhargava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.058","article-title":"Decoding different roles for vmPFC and dlPFC in multi-attribute decision making","volume":"56","author":"Kahnt","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216930","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of foraging","volume":"336","author":"Kolling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20796","article-title":"Differential connections of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex with the orbital and medial prefrontal networks in macaque monkeys","volume":"493","author":"Kondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref32","first-page":"444","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex lesions modify the spatial properties of hippocampal place cells","volume":"13","author":"Kyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex N Y N 1991."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh173","article-title":"Hippocampal place cells show increased sensitivity to changes in the local environment following prefrontal cortex lesions","volume":"15","author":"Kyd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.06.001","article-title":"The root of all value: a neural common currency for choice","volume":"22","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref35","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8729","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4809-12.2013","article-title":"Stimulus value signals in ventromedial PFC reflect the integration of attribute value signals computed in fusiform Gyrus and posterior superior temporal Gyrus","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.06.004","article-title":"Gambling against neglect: unconscious spatial biases induced by reward reinforcement in healthy people and brain-damaged patients","volume":"49","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.005","article-title":"Human ventromedial prefrontal lesions alter incentivisation by reward","volume":"76","author":"Manohar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref39","volume-title":"The hippocampus as a cognitive map","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1978"},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.05.002","article-title":"The what and how of prefrontal cortical organization","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2064","article-title":"Dissociation of body-centered and stimulus-centered representations in unilateral neglect","volume":"57","author":"Ota","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2969-18.2019","article-title":"A critical role for human ventromedial frontal lobe in value comparison of complex objects based on attribute configuration","volume":"39","author":"Pelletier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231","article-title":"Orienting of attention","volume":"32","author":"Posner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.008","article-title":"Definition of the orbital cortex in relation to specific connections with limbic and visceral structures and other cortical regions","volume":"1121","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858411409051","article-title":"The Frontoparietal attention network of the human brain: action, saliency, and a priority map of the environment","volume":"18","author":"Ptak","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Neurol."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3541-08.2008","article-title":"Frontal cortex subregions play distinct roles in choices between actions and stimuli","volume":"28","author":"Rudebeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3440","article-title":"Prefrontal mechanisms of behavioral flexibility, emotion regulation and value updating","volume":"16","author":"Rudebeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.014","article-title":"Frontal cortex and reward- guided learning and decision-making","volume":"70","author":"Rushworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.08.019","article-title":"Human orbitofrontal cortex represents a cognitive map of state space","volume":"91","author":"Schuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref51","volume-title":"Foraging theory","author":"Stephens","year":"1986"},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(82)90032-5","article-title":"Spatial mapping: definitive disruption by hippocampal or medial frontal cortical damage in the rat","volume":"31","author":"Sutherland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00103-7","article-title":"Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication","volume":"38","author":"Swainson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12462","article-title":"What, where and when: spatial foraging decisions in primates","volume":"94","author":"Trapanese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Rev."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16868","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1958-10.2010","article-title":"Beyond reversal: a critical role for human orbitofrontal cortex in flexible learning from probabilistic feedback","volume":"30","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1607-15.2015","article-title":"Ventromedial frontal cortex is critical for guiding attention to reward-predictive visual features in humans","volume":"35","author":"Vaidya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10120","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10120","article-title":"Testing necessary regional frontal contributions to value assessment and fixation-based updating","volume":"6","author":"Vaidya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx246","article-title":"Ventromedial frontal lobe damage alters how specific attributes are weighed in subjective valuation","volume":"28","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4640-10.2011","article-title":"Anterior hippocampus and goal-directed spatial decision making","volume":"31","author":"Viard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/135062800394829","article-title":"Detecting changes in novel, complex three-dimensional objects","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis Cogn."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8316836","article-title":"Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"260","author":"Wilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0526-15.2015","article-title":"Lateral orbitofrontal cortex links social impressions to political choices","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.06.038","article-title":"Economic choice as an untangling of options into actions","volume":"99","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01259","article-title":"Robust encoding of spatial information in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum","volume":"30","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2020051808282858800_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/3632\/33225847\/bhz331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/3632\/33225847\/bhz331.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T08:34:46Z","timestamp":1589790886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/30\/6\/3632\/5770902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz331","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.737491299.793577630","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}