{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:11:34Z","timestamp":1781079094362,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Quebec\u2014Sant\u00e9","award":["32618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32618"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) appears several years before the presence of motor disturbance. Olfactory testing has the potential to serve as a tool for early detection of PD, but OD is not specific to PD as it affects up to 20% of the general population. Olfaction includes an orthonasal and a retronasal components; in some forms of OD, retronasal olfactory function is preserved. We aimed to evaluate whether combined testing components allows for discriminating between PD-related OD and non-Parkinsonian OD (NPOD). The objective of this study is to orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function in PD patients and compare them to a NPOD group and to healthy controls. We hypothesized that this combined testing allows to distinguish PD patients from both other groups. We included 32 PD patients, 25 NPOD patients, and 15 healthy controls. Both olfactory components were impaired in PD and NPOD patients, compared with controls; however, NPOD patients had significantly better orthonasal scores than PD patients. Furthermore, the ratio of retronasal\/orthonasal score was higher in PD than in both other groups. In the NPOD group, orthonasal and retronasal scores were significantly correlated; no such correlation could be observed in PD patients. In summary, PD patients seem to rely on compensatory mechanisms for flavor perception. Combined orthonasal and retronasal olfactory testing may contribute to differentiate PD patients from patients with NPOD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T19:18:35Z","timestamp":1585682315000},"page":"401-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Orthonasal, but not Retronasal Olfaction Is Specifically Impaired in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Aubry-Lafontaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cilia","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascali","family":"Durand-Martel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Qu\u00e9bec (CIUSSS-MCQ), Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dupr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2020062701340221800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26431","article-title":"MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020062701340221800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjx025","article-title":"Anosmia \u2013 a clinical review","volume":"42","author":"Boesveldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020062701340221800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2684-9","article-title":"Retronasal testing of olfactory function: an investigation and comparison in seven 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