{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:00:16Z","timestamp":1792461616053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]],"date-time":"2020-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008321","name":"Pennsylvania State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19\u201379) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change \u00b1100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (\u221279.7 \u00b1 28.7, mean \u00b1 standard deviation), taste (\u221269.0 \u00b1 32.6), and chemesthetic (\u221237.3 \u00b1 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T15:12:52Z","timestamp":1591974772000},"page":"609-622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":438,"title":["More Than Smell\u2014COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Parma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Ohla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center J\u00fclich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G","family":"Veldhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, \u00c7iftlikk\u00f6y Campus, Yeni\u015fehir, Mersin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masha Y","family":"Niv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbScent, Andover, Hampshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa J","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiland W","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California and Qureshey Research Laboratory, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Bouysset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pirastu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Dibattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, P.zza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishemjit","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Tullio","family":"Liuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Y","family":"Pepino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Sch\u00f6pf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Pereda-Loth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Anthropologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Imagerie de Synthese, UMR 5288 CNRS, Universit\u00e9de Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Farruggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander W","family":"Fjaeldstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Central Denmark Region, Laegaardvej, Holstebro, 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