{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:04:50Z","timestamp":1792465490596,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has currently infected over 6.5 million people worldwide. In response to the pandemic, numerous studies have tried to identify causes and symptoms of the disease. Emerging evidence supports recently acquired anosmia (complete loss of smell) and hyposmia (partial loss of smell) as symptoms of COVID-19, but studies of olfactory dysfunction show a wide range of prevalence, from 5% to 98%. We undertook a search of Pubmed\/Medline and Google Scholar with the keywords \u201cCOVID-19,\u201d \u201csmell,\u201d and\/or \u201colfaction.\u201d We included any study that quantified smell loss (anosmia and hyposmia) as a symptom of COVID-19. Studies were grouped and compared based on the type of method used to measure smell loss\u2014subjective measures such as self-reported smell loss versus objective measures using rated stimuli\u2014to determine if prevalence differed by method type. For each study, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from point estimates of olfactory disturbances. We identified 34 articles quantifying anosmia as a symptom of COVID-19 (6 objective, 28 subjective), collected from cases identified from January 16 to April 30, 2020. The pooled prevalence estimate of smell loss was 77% when assessed through objective measurements (95% CI of 61.4-89.2%) and 44% with subjective measurements (95% CI of 32.2-57.0%). Objective measures are a more sensitive method to identify smell loss as a result of infection with SARS-CoV-2; the use of subjective measures, while expedient during the early stages of the pandemic, underestimates the true prevalence of smell loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T07:08:03Z","timestamp":1601190483000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19\u2013positive patients compared to subjective methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mackenzie E","family":"Hannum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente A","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Lipson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riley D","family":"Herriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora K","family":"Toskala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cailu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paule V","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research & National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle R","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"container-title":["Chemical Senses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa064\/33803490\/bjaa064.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa064\/33803490\/bjaa064.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1601390902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa064\/5912953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa064","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.04.20145870","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0379-864X","1464-3553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-864X","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"article-number":"bjaa064"}}