{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:44:15Z","timestamp":1790837055625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study prospectively assessed the 6-month prevalence of self-reported and psychophysically measured olfactory dysfunction in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Self-reported smell or taste impairment was prospectively evaluated by SNOT-22 at diagnosis, 4-week, 8-week, and 6-month. At 6 months from the diagnosis, psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function was also performed using the 34-item culturally adapted University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (CA-UPSIT). 145 completed both the 6-month subjective and psychophysical olfactory evaluation. According to CA-UPSIT, 87 subjects (60.0%) exhibited some smell dysfunction, with 10 patients being anosmic (6.9%) and seven being severely microsmic (4.8%). At the time CA-UPSIT was administered, a weak correlation was observed between the self-reported alteration of the sense of smell or taste and olfactory test scores (Spearman\u2019s r = \u22120.26). Among 112 patients who self-reported normal sense of smell at last follow-up, CA-UPSIT revealed normal smell in 46 (41.1%), mild microsmia in 46 (41.1%), moderate microsmia in 11 (9.8%), severe microsmia in 3 (2.3%), and anosmia in 6 (5.4%) patients; however, of those patients self-reporting normal smell but who were found to have hypofunction on testing, 62 out of 66 had a self-reported reduction in sense of smell or taste at an earlier time point. Despite most patients report a subjectively normal sense of smell, we observed a high percentage of persistent smell dysfunction at 6 months from the diagnosis of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with 11.7% of patients being anosmic or severely microsmic. These data highlight a significant long-term rate of smell alteration in patients with previous SARS-COV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T15:31:18Z","timestamp":1612971078000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Six-Month Psychophysical Evaluation of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Boscolo-Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Menegaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristoforo","family":"Fabbris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Spinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Borsetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Sassari University Hospital, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Calvanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pettorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Sonego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Frezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Bertolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Vittorio Veneto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Cestaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Montebelluna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rigoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Tirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Da Mosto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9304-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Menini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Polesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2012.02527.x","article-title":"Prevalence of sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22) symptoms in patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis in the England and Wales National prospective audit","volume":"37","author":"Abdalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0002","first-page":"430","article-title":"Self-reported alteration of sense of smell or taste in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 3563 patients","volume":"58","author":"Borsetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.1379","article-title":"Evolution of altered sense of smell or taste in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.4272","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction-reply","volume":"147","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.263","article-title":"Predominance of an altered sense of smell or taste among long-lasting symptoms in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"31","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","article-title":"Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia","volume":"6","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116483","article-title":"Assessment of the olfactory function in Italian patients with type 3 von Willebrand disease caused by a homozygous 253 Kb deletion involving VWF and TMEM16B\/ANO2","volume":"10","author":"Cenedese","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2020-206995","article-title":"Histopathological observations in COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.12.986","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in the general population based on sinus radiology and symptomatology","volume":"143","author":"Dietz de Loos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4681","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6505700","article-title":"Smell identification ability: changes with age","volume":"226","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90269-5","article-title":"Development of the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function","volume":"32","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208363","article-title":"Tests of human olfactory function: principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance","volume":"56","author":"Doty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perception Psychophys"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101839","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptors and entry genes are expressed in the human olfactory neuroepithelium and brain","volume":"23","author":"Fodoulian","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0014","first-page":"bjaa081","article-title":"Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms","author":"Gerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe\u2013an underestimated disease. A GA\u00b2LEN study","volume":"66","author":"Hastan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511200076X","article-title":"Comparison of subjective olfaction ratings in patients with and without olfactory disorders","volume":"126","author":"Haxel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0017","first-page":"26","article-title":"Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Hopkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.248","article-title":"Position paper on olfactory dysfunction","volume":"54","author":"Hummel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinol Suppl"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa066","article-title":"Gaining back what is lost: recovering the sense of smell in mild to moderate patients after COVID-19","volume":"45","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0020","first-page":"20201343","article-title":"Onset, duration, and persistence of taste and smell changes and other COVID-19 symptoms: longitudinal study in Israeli patients","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjg061","article-title":"Ratings of overall olfactory function","volume":"28","author":"Landis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.07.039","article-title":"New evidence for high occurrence of olfactory dysfunctions within the population","volume":"119","author":"Landis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582802","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.582802","article-title":"Severity of anosmia as an early symptom of COVID-19 infection may predict lasting loss of smell","volume":"7","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.1378","article-title":"Treatment recommendations for persistent smell and taste dysfunction following COVID-19-the coming deluge","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29277","article-title":"Parosmia is associated with relevant olfactory recovery after olfactory training","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589409","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.589409","article-title":"Smell and taste in severe CoViD-19: self-reported vs. testing","volume":"7","author":"Mazzatenta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","article-title":"Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Moein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0029","article-title":"COVID-19: Recovery from Chemosensory Dysfunction","author":"Niklassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"A multicentre study on smell and"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1811999","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in patients after recovering from COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Otte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041","article-title":"More than smell-COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis","volume":"45","author":"Parma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720050043","article-title":"Assessing olfaction in the Italian population: methodology and clinical application","volume":"20","author":"Parola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.3.265","article-title":"Recovery of olfactory function following closed head injury or infections of the upper respiratory tract","volume":"132","author":"Reden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"323","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","article-title":"Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: single-center experience on 72 cases","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001826","article-title":"Smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a 60-day objective and prospective study","volume":"134","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120002455","article-title":"Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia","volume":"134","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0038","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22579","article-title":"Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2021042609542533100_CIT0040","author":"Zou","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Chemical Senses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006\/36242884\/bjab006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006\/37380253\/bjab006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006\/37380253\/bjab006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T08:02:33Z","timestamp":1671177753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006\/6133714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.07.21249406","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0379-864X","1464-3553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-864X","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"article-number":"bjab006"}}