{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:36:18Z","timestamp":1772138178458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Sant\u00e9","award":["2\u00a0#283144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\u00a0#283144"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several studies have revealed either self-reported chemosensory alterations in large groups or objective quantified chemosensory impairments in smaller populations of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. However, due to the great variability in published results regarding COVID-19-induced chemosensory impairments and their follow-up, prognosis for chemosensory functions in patients with such complaints remains unclear. Our objective is to describe the various chemosensory alterations associated with COVID-19 and their prevalence and evolution after infection. A cross-sectional study of 704 healthcare workers with a RT\u2013PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 2020 February 28 and 2020 June 14 was conducted 3\u20137 months after onset of symptoms. Data were collected with an online questionnaire. Outcomes included differences in reported chemosensory self-assessment of olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal functions across time points and Chemosensory Perception Test scores from an easy-to-use at-home self-administered chemosensory test. Among the 704 participants, 593 (84.2%) were women, the mean (SD) age was 42 (12) years, and the questionnaire was answered on average 4.8 (0.8) months after COVID-19. During COVID-19, a decrease in olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal sensitivities was reported by 81.3%, 81.5%, and 48.0%, respectively. Three to 7 months later, reduced sensitivity was still reported by 52.0%, 41.9%, and 23.3%, respectively. Chemosensory Perception Test scores indicate that 19.5% of participants had objective olfactory impairment. These data suggest a significant proportion of COVID-19 cases have persistent chemosensory impairments at 3\u20137 months after their infection, but the majority of those who had completely lost their olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal sensitivities have improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T15:16:37Z","timestamp":1629472597000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Chemosensory Dysfunctions Induced by COVID-19 Can Persist up to 7 Months: A Study of Over 700 Healthcare Workers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Bussi\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"L\u00e9vesque-Boissonneault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe M\u00e9decine r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Carazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Gros-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe M\u00e9decine r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaston","family":"De Serres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dupr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2013Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8863-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"63","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0001","article-title":"Raincloud plots: a multi-platform tool for robust data visualization","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.507","article-title":"Olfactory and taste dysfunction among mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19 positive health care workers: an international survey","volume":"5","author":"Andrews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngosc Investig Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","article-title":"Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses","volume":"74","author":"Arbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318155a4b9","article-title":"The influence of olfactory loss on dietary behaviors","volume":"118","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00406","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19: a bumpy road to establishing a cellular mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00386","article-title":"Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections","volume":"12","author":"Bohmwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-reported smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a one-year prospective study","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-rhino-laryngol"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420956905","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19: underlying mechanisms and assessment of an olfactory route to brain infection","author":"Butowt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121000670","article-title":"Anosmia in the first coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Europe: functional recovery after eight months","volume":"135","author":"Capelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.160","article-title":"Characterization and evolution of infection control practices among SARS-CoV-2 infected healthcare workers of acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities in Quebec, Canada, Spring 2020","author":"Carazo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Contr Hospit Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26606","article-title":"Postinfectious olfactory loss: a retrospective study on 791 patients","volume":"128","author":"Cavazzana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","article-title":"A case of probable Parkinson\u2019s disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.032","article-title":"COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage","volume":"107","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0014","first-page":"105","article-title":"Human coronavirus polyadenylated RNA sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"20","author":"Cristallo","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072","article-title":"Olfactory disorders and quality of life\u2014an updated review","volume":"39","author":"Croy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24340","article-title":"Olfactory training is helpful in postinfectious olfactory loss: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study","volume":"124","author":"Damm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"596","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf8396","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf8396","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters","volume":"13","author":"de Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00025-3","article-title":"Treatments for smell and taste disorders: a critical review","volume":"164","author":"Doty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198402000-00004","article-title":"University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic","volume":"94","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01463-8","article-title":"Validation of the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT\u00ae)","volume":"53","author":"Doty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070210","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Fazzini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa081","article-title":"Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms","volume":"46","author":"Gerkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0023","first-page":"171","article-title":"Chapter 13\u2014disorders of smell and taste.","volume-title":"Neurology and clinical neuroscience","author":"Gonzales","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00956","article-title":"COVID-19-related anosmia: the olfactory pathway hypothesis and early intervention","volume":"11","author":"Gori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14578","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14578","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis study","volume":"8","author":"Hajikhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5612","article-title":"Symptoms and functional impairment assessed 8 months after mild COVID-19 among health care workers","volume":"325","author":"Havervall","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22655","article-title":"Psychophysical tests reveal impaired olfaction but preserved gustation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Hintschich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13636","article-title":"Management of new onset loss of sense of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014BRS Consensus Guidelines","volume":"46","author":"Hopkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0029","first-page":"26","article-title":"Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Hopkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00423-8","article-title":"Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014an observational cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22788","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related smell dysfunction: an international view","volume":"11","author":"Huart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Position paper on olfactory dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Hummel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000500558","article-title":"Advances in understanding parosmia: an fMRI study","volume":"81","author":"Iannilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1280-2_51","article-title":"Coronavirus and multiple sclerosis: results of a case\/control longitudinal serological study","volume":"218","author":"Johnson-Lussenburg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"600","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp12X652481","article-title":"Scent of a patient: an underestimated role in clinical practice?","volume":"62","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"10245","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31525-7","article-title":"Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19","volume":"396","author":"Kirschenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjw061","article-title":"The association between olfaction and depression: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Kohli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","article-title":"Virus infections in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20955","article-title":"Evaluating the clinical usefulness of structured questions in parosmia assessment","volume":"120","author":"Landis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.11.977","article-title":"Differences between orthonasal and retronasal olfactory functions in patients with loss of the sense of smell","volume":"131","author":"Landis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjg061","article-title":"Ratings of overall olfactory function","volume":"28","author":"Landis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200410000-00017","article-title":"A study on the frequency of olfactory dysfunction","volume":"114","author":"Landis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06267-2","article-title":"Psychophysical evaluation of chemosensory functions 5 weeks after olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on 72 patients","volume":"278","author":"Le Bon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13209","article-title":"Prevalence and 6-month recovery of olfactory dysfunction: a multicentre study of 1363 COVID-19 patients","volume":"290","author":"Lechien","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4102","article-title":"Prognosis of postviral olfactory loss: follow-up study for longer than one year","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2016.1172729","article-title":"Gender difference in Chinese adults with post-viral olfactory disorder: a hospital-based study","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29277","article-title":"Parosmia is associated with relevant olfactory recovery after olfactory training","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjz029","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of self-rated olfactory performance-a data science-based assessment of 6000 patients","volume":"44","author":"L\u00f6tsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0050","first-page":"852","article-title":"Smell and taste disorders in primary care","volume":"88","author":"Malaty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.233","article-title":"Dietary evaluation of patients with smell and\/or taste disorders","volume":"51","author":"Mattes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589409","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.589409","article-title":"Smell and taste in severe Covid-19: self-reported vs. testing","volume":"7","author":"Mazzatenta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","article-title":"Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","article-title":"Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Moein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"8449","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90318-6","article-title":"Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Morris","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00961-1","article-title":"The loss of smell and taste in the COVID-19 outbreak: a tale of many countries","volume":"20","author":"Mullol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310511","article-title":"Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"31","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab012","article-title":"SCENTinel 1.0: development of a rapid test to screen for smell loss","author":"Parma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041","article-title":"More than smell. COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis","volume":"45","author":"Parma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221512100116X","article-title":"Six-month smell and taste recovery rates in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a prospective psychophysical study","volume":"135","author":"Petrocelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0061","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction","volume":"00","author":"Saussez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-370870-2\/00173-6","article-title":"Smell and taste.","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of gerontology","author":"Schiffman","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjx006","article-title":"Phantom smells: prevalence and correlates in a population-based sample of older adults","volume":"42","author":"Sj\u00f6lund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00453-w","article-title":"Neurological infection with SARS-CoV-2\u2014the story so far","volume":"17","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin16.195","article-title":"Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Sorokowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242","article-title":"Sex differences in human olfaction: a meta-analysis","author":"Sorokowski","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929185","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction and sinonasal symptomatology in COVID-19: prevalence, severity, timing, and associated characteristics","volume":"163","author":"Speth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"323","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90220-J","article-title":"Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"191","author":"Stewart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","article-title":"6-Month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236\u2009379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120002455","article-title":"Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia","volume":"134","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26228","article-title":"Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00460","article-title":"Prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis reveals significant ethnic differences","volume":"11","author":"von Bartheld","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0075","first-page":"322","article-title":"Effect of gender on odor identification at different life stages: a meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa439.649","article-title":"456. Implementing an at-home smell test for early assessment of COVID-19 in high-risk healthcare workers","volume":"7","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: diagnosis and management","volume":"323","author":"Whitcroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","article-title":"Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00182-4","article-title":"Post-viral effects of COVID-19 in the olfactory system and their implications","volume":"20","author":"Xydakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021100410015995900_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-016-0120-6","article-title":"The epidemiology of olfactory disorders","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep"}],"container-title":["Chemical Senses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038\/39843581\/bjab038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038\/40503297\/bjab038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038\/40503297\/bjab038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T06:03:31Z","timestamp":1633327411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chemse\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038\/6356408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":80,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.28.21259639","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0379-864X","1464-3553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-864X","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"article-number":"bjab038"}}