{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:16:11Z","timestamp":1784873771311,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR201978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR201978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) is common in COVID-19 patients. This 2-arm double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to establish proof-of-concept for vitamin A versus placebo as a treatment modality for patients with PIOD. This study compared 9,000\u2005IU daily self-administered vitamin A intranasal drops versus peanut oil drops over 12 wk in COVID-19 patients with PIOD. Outcome measures included: olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory sulcus depth, cerebral functional MRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, Sniffin\u2019 Sticks TDI score, SSParoT, olfactory disorder questionnaire (ODQ) score, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels were collected from participants at baseline and after trial intervention at 12\u2005wk. Fifty-seven PIOD were recruited in the trial and allocated to vitamin A or placebo arm at a 2:1 ratio. After withdrawals and exclusions, 30 participants in the vitamin A arm and 15 in the placebo arm were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the change in OBV between both groups. Aside from an improvement in the quality-of-life component of ODQ questionnaire scores (P = 0.01), there were no significant differences in any of the other secondary outcome measures. This proof-of-concept trial has demonstrated no significant effect of intranasal vitamin A on olfactory function in COVID-19 PIOD patients. Further work is required to identify other therapeutic agents in the management of PIOD or evaluate a different PIOD cohort with non-COVID etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:35:22Z","timestamp":1768739722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The APOLLO trial: a proof-of-concept study for vitamin A nasal drops in COVID-19-related postinfectious olfactory dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4353-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu Hui","family":"Yeap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology & Olfactology Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Norfolk Smell & Taste Clinic, James Paget University Hospital NHS Trust , Gorleston ,","place":["United 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