{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:09:09Z","timestamp":1794254949966,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung wissenschaftlich - \u00f6konomischer Exzellenz"},{"name":"LOEWE-Zentrum f\u00fcr Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG HU 441\/18-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG HU 441\/18-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG Lo 612\/10\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG Lo 612\/10\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In clinical practice, with its time constraints, a frequent conclusion is that asking about the ability to smell may suffice to detect olfactory problems. To address this question systematically, 6049 subjects were asked about how well they can perceive odors, with 5 possible responses. Participants presented at a University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, where olfactory testing was part of the routine investigation performed in patients receiving surgery at the clinic (for various reasons). According to an odor identification test, 1227 subjects had functional anosmia and 3113 were labeled with normosmia. Measures of laboratory test performance were used to assess the success of self-estimates to capture the olfactory diagnosis. Ratings of the olfactory function as absent or impaired provided the diagnosis of anosmia at a balanced accuracy of 79%, whereas ratings of good or excellent indicated normosmia at a balanced accuracy of 64.6%. The number of incorrect judgments of anosmia increased with age, whereas false negative self-estimates of normosmia became rarer with increasing age. The subject\u2019s sex was irrelevant in this context. Thus, when asking the question \u201cHow well can you smell odors?\u201d and querying standardized responses, fairly accurate information can be obtained about whether or not the subject can smell. However, this has to be completed with the almost 30% (355 subjects) of anosmic patients who judged their ability to smell as at least \u201caverage.\u201d Thus, olfactory testing using reliable and validated tests appears indispensable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjz029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T07:27:38Z","timestamp":1557473258000},"page":"357-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Clinical Usefulness of Self-Rated Olfactory Performance\u2014A Data Science-Based Assessment of 6000 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"L\u00f6tsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology\u2014Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6947.102","article-title":"Diagnostic tests 2: predictive values","volume":"309","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1552","article-title":"Diagnostic tests. 1: sensitivity and specificity","volume":"308","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/23.4.453","article-title":"Bilateral detection thresholds in dextrals and sinistrals reflect the more sensitive side of the nose, which is not lateralized","volume":"23","author":"Betchen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0004","first-page":"3","article-title":"Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilita","volume":"8","author":"Bonferroni","year":"1936","journal-title":"Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze"},{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0005","first-page":"3121","article-title":"The balanced accuracy and its posterior distribution","author":"Brodersen","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020070212540453400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. 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