{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:42:52Z","timestamp":1787805772830,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The impact of maternal adverse experiences on early parent\u2013infant interaction and child development is widely acknowledged. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of intergenerational transmission remain poorly understood, especially in samples facing high adversity. This study explored the unpredictability of maternal (auditory, tactile, and visual) sensory signals as a mediator between maternal childhood maltreatment and infant emotional reactivity in a sample from southwestern Uganda. In 115 mother\u2013infant dyads (M = 28.70 years, SD = 6.68, and M = 7.87 months, SD = 0.81), both maternal trauma exposure and unpredictability were associated with reduced infant emotional reactivity. However, no mediation effect was found. These findings suggest that infants adjust dynamically to their mothers' unpredictable behavior, helping them adapt to challenging environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacaf010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1767776499000},"page":"126-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unpredictable maternal behavior and infant emotional reactivity in the context of high maternal adversity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Bavaria ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka","family":"Korja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Turku University , Turku, Varsinais-Suomi ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Ainamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kabale University , Kabale ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Ndyareeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foundations of Education, Kabale University , Kabale ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"T\u00f6pfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeva","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Turku University , Turku, Varsinais-Suomi ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Bavaria ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B1","volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11091347","article-title":"Fragmentation and unpredictability of early-life experience in mental disorders","volume":"169","author":"Baram","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/15295192.2012.683359","article-title":"Cultural approaches to parenting","volume":"12","author":"Bornstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parenting, Science and Practice"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12402","article-title":"A developmental analysis of caregiving modalities across infancy in 38 low-and middle-income countries","volume":"86","author":"Bornstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.247","article-title":"Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans","volume":"41","author":"Bowers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.009","article-title":"The impact of maternal childhood abuse on maternal and infant HPA axis function in the postpartum period","volume":"35","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0032-3","article-title":"Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bunea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2307\/1166148","article-title":"Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships","volume":"59","author":"Cassidy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2008.07.010","article-title":"Mother-infant interaction and children's socio-emotional development with high- and low-risk mothers","volume":"31","author":"Cerezo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213460","article-title":"Parenting after a history of childhood maltreatment: A scoping review and map of evidence in the perinatal period","volume":"14","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.009","article-title":"Assessing the factor structure of the childhood trauma questionnaire, and cumulative effect of abuse and neglect on mental health among adolescents in conflict-affected Burundi","volume":"72","author":"Charak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007574","article-title":"Infant response in the still-face paradigm at 6 months predicts avoidant and secure attachment at 12 months","volume":"3","author":"Cohn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2580-9","article-title":"Multilevel factors affecting early socioemotional development in humans","volume":"72","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13958","article-title":"Annual Research Review: The power of predictability \u2013 patterns of signals in early life shape neurodevelopment and mental health trajectories","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.025","article-title":"Across continents and demographics, unpredictable maternal signals are associated with children's cognitive function","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960262","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.960262","article-title":"Early life exposure to unpredictable parental sensory signals shapes cognitive development across three species","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703444114","article-title":"Exposure to unpredictable maternal sensory signals influences cognitive development across species","volume":"114","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2018.1465415","article-title":"Maternal sensitivity, its relationship with child outcomes, and interventions that address it: A systematic literature review","volume":"190","author":"Deans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Child Development and Care"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7764\/psykhe.2019.22227","article-title":"Factores Moduladores de las Respuestas de los Infantes al Paradigma Still-Face: Una Revisi\u00f3n Sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"30","author":"Gago Galvagno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psykhe"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.01.002","article-title":"The influence of unpredictable, fragmented parental signals on the developing brain","volume":"53","author":"Glynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091401","article-title":"Depression in mothers","volume":"3","author":"Goodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0374-20.2020","article-title":"Aberrant maturation of the uncinate fasciculus follows exposure to unpredictable patterns of maternal signals","volume":"41","author":"Granger","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101891","article-title":"Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence","volume":"80","author":"Greene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145221","article-title":"Cultural pathways through universal development","volume":"54","author":"Greenfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12213","article-title":"Attachment in the early life course: Meta-analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development","volume":"11","author":"Groh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536164","article-title":"Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B28","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000324","article-title":"Transgenerational associations between maternal childhood stress exposure and profiles of infant emotional reactivity","volume":"31","author":"Hipwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803047","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.803047","article-title":"The connection and development of unpredictability and sensitivity in maternal care across early childhood","volume":"13","author":"Holmberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2007.10.008","article-title":"Two-month-olds\u2019 attention and affective response to maternal still face: A comparison between term and preterm infants in Taiwan","volume":"31","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12283","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in emotion suppression in everyday interactions","volume":"53","author":"Huwa\u00eb","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399903","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1399903","article-title":"Early social-cognitive development as a dynamic developmental system\u2014a lifeworld approach","volume":"15","author":"K\u00e4rtner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B35","volume-title":"Cultures of infancy","author":"Keller","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.34.4.629","article-title":"The still-face effect in Chinese and Canadian 3- to 6-month-old infants","volume":"34","author":"Kisilevsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12636","article-title":"Cultural influences on toddlers\u2019 prosocial behavior: How maternal task assignment relates to helping others","volume":"87","author":"K\u00f6ster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619895071","article-title":"Making sense of the world: Infant learning from a predictive processing perspective","volume":"15","author":"K\u00f6ster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/y5jv7_v1","article-title":"Parental behavior shows systematic urban\u2013rural differences across the globe","author":"K\u00f6ster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Center for Open Science"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2022.07.002","article-title":"Parental teaching behavior in diverse cultural contexts","volume":"43","author":"K\u00f6ster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505280339","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the relationship among maternal victimization, depressive symptoms, social support, and children's behavior and development","volume":"20","author":"Koverola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104510367590","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and attachment: An intergenerational perspective","volume":"15","author":"Kwako","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B45","volume-title":"The anthropology of childhood: Cherubs, chattel, changelings","author":"Lancy","year":"2015","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2017.1329773","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of traumatization: Theoretical framework and implications for prevention","volume":"19","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2010.00229.x","article-title":"The impact of maternal childhood abuse on parenting and infant temperament","volume":"23","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12313","article-title":"The effect of the still-face paradigm on infant behavior: A cross-cultural comparison between mothers and fathers","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029","article-title":"Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations","volume":"342","author":"Lomanowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146058","article-title":"Minimization of childhood maltreatment is common and consequential: Results from a large, multinational sample using the childhood trauma questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"MacDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.6.925","article-title":"Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment","volume":"94","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2013.06.004","article-title":"Robust patterns and individual variations: Stability and predictors of infant behavior in the still-face paradigm","volume":"36","author":"Mesman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21795","article-title":"The psychobiology of emotional development: The case for examining sociocultural processes","volume":"61","author":"Michalska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B54","volume-title":"Violence against children in Uganda: Findings from a national survey, 2015","author":"Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.05.008","article-title":"Maternal experiences of childhood abuse and intimate partner violence: Psychopathology and functional impairment in clinical children and adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Miranda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.77.4.624","article-title":"Emotional availability in a sample of mothers with a history of abuse","volume":"77","author":"Moehler","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.200","article-title":"Fragmentation and high entropy of neonatal experience predict adolescent emotional outcome","volume":"6","author":"Molet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6044-y","article-title":"Establishing the international prevalence of self-reported child maltreatment: A systematic review by maltreatment type and gender","volume":"18","author":"Moody","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00025-7","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment in the USA: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Moog","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet: Public Health"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01255.x","article-title":"Mother\u2013infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity","volume":"80","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000448376","article-title":"Understanding bidirectional mother-infant affective displays across contexts: Effects of maternal maltreatment history and postpartum depression and PTSD symptoms","volume":"49","author":"Morelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117746241","article-title":"Ethical challenges of parenting interventions in low- to middle-income countries","volume":"49","author":"Morelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2307\/1131829","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security","volume":"67","author":"Nachmias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21964","article-title":"Unpredictable maternal behavior is associated with a blunted infant cortisol response","volume":"62","author":"Noro\u00f1a-Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21892","article-title":"The hidden effects of child maltreatment in a war region: Correlates of psychopathology in two generations living in Northern Uganda","volume":"27","author":"Olema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0633","article-title":"A novel mouse model for acute and long-lasting consequences of early life stress","volume":"149","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B67","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of temperament","author":"Rothbart","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B68","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology, social, emotional, and personality development","author":"Rothbart","year":"2006","edition":"6th ed"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-6314-9_23","volume-title":"Developmental disabilities","author":"Rothbart","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/00377317.2014.923719","article-title":"Regulation theory and affect regulation psychotherapy: A clinical primer","volume":"84","author":"Schore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smith College Studies in Social Work"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1300\/J002v34n03_03","article-title":"Maternal sensitivity and infant emotional reactivity: Concurrent and longitudinal relations","volume":"34","author":"Spinrad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Marriage & Family Review"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000709","article-title":"Maternal mental health and infant emotional reactivity: A 20-year two-cohort study of preconception and perinatal exposures","volume":"50","author":"Spry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020933870","article-title":"Intergenerational effect of maternal childhood maltreatment on next generation's vulnerability to psychopathology: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12426","article-title":"Early identification of ADHD risk via infant temperament and emotion regulation: A pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/anzf.1274","article-title":"The caregiver\u2013infant dyad as a buffer or transducer of resource enhancing or depleting factors that shape psychobiological development","volume":"38","author":"Tronick","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-7138(09)62273-1","article-title":"The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction","volume":"17","author":"Tronick","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B77","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Emotion and Early Interaction","author":"Tronick","year":"1982","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B78","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B79","author":"United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986188225","article-title":"Estimating the entropy rate of finite Markov chains with application to behavior studies","volume":"44","author":"Vegetabile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B81","author":"World Food Programme","year":"2024,  24"},{"key":"2026022704012619300_aacaf010-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2008.07.008","article-title":"Infant responses to maternal still-face at 4 and 9 months","volume":"31","author":"Yato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/1\/126\/66282878\/aacaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/1\/126\/66282878\/aacaf010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1772182899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/97\/1\/126\/8415640"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gigi","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacaf010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}