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Maternal harshness was assessed at 5-points (infancy\u2013preschool), quality of the caregiving environment was assessed at 3-points (early school age) and autonomic regulation during a social stressor was assessed during early adolescence in 203 mother\u2013child dyads. Quality of the home environment increased over time whereas maternal harshness increased between 7- and 24-months of child age before decreasing from 36- to 48-months of age. Increases in harsh parenting from 7- to 24-months were associated with less RSA reactivity. These findings indicate that developmental changes in an index of threat, but not deprivation, predict autonomic functioning in early adolescence. These findings have significant implications for understanding the long-term physiological consequences of early adversity, particularly harsh parenting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacaf023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:32:09Z","timestamp":1770024729000},"page":"289-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Change in maternal harshness and home environment across early childhood as predictors of autonomic regulation in adolescence in the context of prenatal substance exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Schuetze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Buffalo State University , Buffalo, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin J","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Nickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina D","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and the Social Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , State College, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022704013762500_aacaf023-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182331fa6","article-title":"Developmental changes in autonomic nervous system resting and reactivity measures in Latino children from 6 to 60 months of age","volume":"32","author":"Alkon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026022704013762500_aacaf023-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221134290","article-title":"Different instruments, same content? 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