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This study followed low-income and racially diverse young children from 3 U.S. cities\u2013New York, NY, Pittsburgh, PA, and Tulsa, OK\u2014with repeated measures of child behavior between 2016 and 2023. A total of 1,124 children were included (50% female; 48% Hispanic\/Latine; 30% Black; 22% White\/Other race\/ethnicity; aged 3\u20137 at pandemic onset). Results reveal different patterns of behavior change by city. In New York, children's behavior stayed the same or slightly improved following the pandemic onset, whereas it stayed the same or got slightly worse in Tulsa, and got worse in Pittsburgh. Future studies of pandemic impacts should consider regional variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:11:54Z","timestamp":1774620714000},"page":"1502-1515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in young children's behavior following COVID-19 pandemic onset: A tale of three cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Georgetown University , Washington, DC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Georgetown University , Washington, DC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9876-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan L","family":"Mendelsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel S","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela\u00a0A","family":"Morris-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology, New York University , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9111-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth D","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison , Madison, WI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-5169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Livas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas\u2014Austin , Austin, TX ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9832-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna D","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Georgetown University , Washington, DC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082905371330000_aacag016-B1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026082905371330000_aacag016-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.12.037","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetically informed research: Associations between parent anxiety and offspring internalizing problems","volume":"60","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082905371330000_aacag016-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e114146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114146","article-title":"Are the kids really alright? 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