{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:10:35Z","timestamp":1778843435493,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"European Union-Next Generation EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of socio-cognitive skills depends on understanding others\u2019 behavioral cues. We studied 43 toddlers (21 girls, 22 boys, aged 10\u201337 months; 74% White Hispanic), including 21 deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children, using data collected in Catalonia (Spain) between November 2022 and July 2023. An experimenter indicated a hidden toy's location to an assistant either by a point with gaze or by gaze only. Both DHH and hearing toddlers understood the point with gaze cue. However, only the hearing group interpreted the gaze-only cue by reliably searching for the hidden toy. These findings reveal early language-related differences in social-cognitive development that may underlie later challenges in complex theory of mind reasoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:11:05Z","timestamp":1769515865000},"page":"857-867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Young deaf and hearing children's understanding of\u00a0intentions signalled by nonverbal gestural cues directed to a third person"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6356-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Oberta Catalunya , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-7687.2005.00406.x","article-title":"The robustness of learning through overhearing","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B2","first-page":"205","article-title":"The acquisition of performatives prior to speech","volume":"21","author":"Bates","year":"1975","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12383","article-title":"Children with cochlear implants in infancy: Predictors of early vocabulary","volume":"53","author":"Bavin","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B4","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd ed.) [Bayley-III]","author":"Bayley","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.664291","article-title":"Auditory skills, language development, and adaptive behavior of children with cochlear implants and additional disabilities","volume":"51","author":"Beer","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835x.2011.02043.x","article-title":"Twelve-month-olds\u2019 comprehension and production of pointing","volume":"30","author":"Behne","year":"2012","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12900","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12900","article-title":"Enhanced gaze-following behavior in deaf infants of deaf parents","volume":"23","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000443363","article-title":"A systematic review to define the speech and language benefit of early (&lt;12 months) pediatric cochlear implantation","volume":"21","author":"Bruijnzeel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Audiology and Neurotology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B9","author":"Butcher","year":"1993,"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i\u2013vi, 1","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214","article-title":"Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age","volume":"63","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.029","article-title":"Deaf children of hearing parents have age-level vocabulary growth when exposed to American Sign Language by 6 months of age","volume":"232","author":"Caselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103693","article-title":"Theory of mind in children with cochlear implants: Comparison with age- and sex-matched children with normal hearing","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X285660","article-title":"Precursors of a theory of mind: A longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Colonnesi","year":"2008","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-8624.2009.01310.X","article-title":"Developmental social cognitive neuroscience: Insights from deafness","volume":"80","author":"Corina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031111","article-title":"The development of pointing perception in infancy: Effects of communicative signals on covert shifts of attention","volume":"49","author":"Daum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13481","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13481","article-title":"Exposure to sign language prior and after cochlear implantation increases language and cognitive skills in deaf children","volume":"27","author":"Delcenserie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B17","author":"Falkman","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00576.x","article-title":"On pedagogy","volume":"10","author":"Gergely","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1165838","article-title":"Gestural communication in deaf children: The effects and noneffects of parental input on early language development","volume":"49","author":"Goldin-Meadow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2008.10.001","article-title":"One-year-olds\u2019 understanding of nonverbal gestures directed to a third person","volume":"24","author":"Gr\u00e4fenhain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2023.101076","article-title":"Developing communication through objects: Ostensive gestures as the first gestures in children's development","volume":"68","author":"Guevara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719834102","article-title":"Deaf children need language, not (just) speech","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B23","volume-title":"Four factor index of social status","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2013.08.001","article-title":"Hearing versus listening: Attention to speech and its role in language acquisition in deaf infants with cochlear implants","volume":"139","author":"Houston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00297","article-title":"Variability in receptive language development following bilateral cochlear implantation","volume":"67","author":"Illg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B26","volume-title":"MacArthur. Inventario de Desarrollo Comunicativo","author":"Jackson-Maldonado","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz001","article-title":"The understanding of communicative intentions in children with severe-to-profound hearing loss","volume":"24","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss086","article-title":"Does hearing lead to understanding? Theory of mind in toddlers and preschoolers with cochlear implants","volume":"37","author":"Ketelaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1037\/XHP0000937","article-title":"The observer's perspective determines which cues are used when interpreting pointing gestures","volume":"47","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab029","article-title":"Joint attention in the context of hearing loss: A meta-analysis and narrative synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Lammertink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000000908","article-title":"Language development in the first year of life: What deaf children might be missing before cochlear implantation","volume":"37","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2012.760381","article-title":"Learning to look for language: Development of joint attention in young deaf children","volume":"10","author":"Lieberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language Learning and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13474","article-title":"Differences in established joint attention in hearing-hearing and hearing-deaf mother-child dyads: Associations with social competence, settings, and tasks","volume":"92","author":"MacGowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B34","volume-title":"Informal and incidental learning in the workplace","author":"Marsick","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3390\/BS15081065","article-title":"Theory of mind development in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230667","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.02065","article-title":"Observing third-party attentional relationships affects infants\u2019 gaze following: An eye-tracking study","volume":"7","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01155.x","article-title":"Belief attribution in deaf and hearing infants","volume":"15","author":"Meristo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2020.1749057","article-title":"Language first: Deaf children from deaf families spontaneously anticipate false beliefs","volume":"21","author":"Meristo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2013.10.002","article-title":"Mental state language and quality of conversational experience in deaf and hearing children","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.3758\/S13428-021-01583-9","article-title":"Introducing BITTSy: The Behavioral Infant & Toddler Testing System","volume":"53","author":"Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B101","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2005.01.001","article-title":"Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development","volume":"96","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7ali\u015fkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-46742-4_8","volume-title":"The theory of mind under scrutiny","author":"Peters","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x","article-title":"Deafness, conversation and theory of mind","volume":"36","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00505","article-title":"Learning a sign language does not hinder acquisition of a spoken language","volume":"66","author":"Pontecorvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101506","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INFBEH.2020.101506","article-title":"Social context influences infants\u2019 ability to extract statistical information from a sequence of gestures","volume":"61","author":"Quadrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12869","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12869","article-title":"Ontogenetic emergence of cognitive reference comprehension","volume":"44","author":"R\u00fcther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B47","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Oxford Handbook of deaf studies, language, and education","author":"Schick","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-120321-033548","article-title":"The representation of third-party helping interactions in infancy","volume":"5","author":"Schlingloff-Nemecz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108399838.015","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of cognitive development","author":"Scott","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.03.059","article-title":"Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals","volume":"18","author":"Senju","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0000000000000038","article-title":"Environmental language factors in theory of mind development: Evidence from children who are deaf\/hard-of-hearing or who have specific language impairment","volume":"34","author":"Stanzione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620953773","article-title":"From gaze perception to social cognition: The shared-attention system","volume":"16","author":"Stephenson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.07.003","article-title":"Deaf children with cochlear implants before the age of 1 year: Comparison of preverbal communication with normally hearing children","volume":"71","author":"Tait","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79312","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00321","article-title":"Infants\u2019 expectations about gestures and actions in third-party interactions","volume":"5","author":"Thorgrimsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-8624.2007.01025.X","article-title":"A new look at infant pointing","volume":"78","author":"Tomasello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00701","article-title":"Infant intersubjectivity: Research, theory, and clinical applications","volume":"42","author":"Trevarthen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B57","author":"Visser","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12233","article-title":"Pedagogical cues encourage toddlers\u2019 transmission of recently demonstrated functions to unfamiliar adults","volume":"8","author":"Vredenburgh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026051506372147100_aacag017-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/15250000802004437","article-title":"What's in view for toddlers? Using a head camera to study visual experience","volume":"13","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/3\/857\/67336507\/aacag017.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/3\/857\/67336507\/aacag017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:37:32Z","timestamp":1778841452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/97\/3\/857\/8518884"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Haley","family":"Vlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}