{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:38:59Z","timestamp":1792183139082,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Nebraska Research Council"},{"name":"Maude Hammond Fling Faculty Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coaching is an effective form of professional learning used in early childhood (EC; 0\u20138) settings to promote teachers\u2019 use of high-quality practices and children's outcomes generally. Yet, research on its effectiveness to support key content areas, including language and literacy; social\u2013emotional and behavioral development; and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, is limited. This meta-analysis examined effects of coaching on teacher practice and child outcomes by content area and potential moderating effects of school, teacher, and child characteristics from 112 studies with 918 effect sizes. Results indicated positive, medium-to-large effects of EC coaching across key content areas on teacher practice and child outcomes. No moderating effects of school and teacher characteristics and limited moderation by child characteristics were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T12:42:08Z","timestamp":1769690528000},"page":"881-896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early childhood coaching effectiveness across key content areas: Exploring the contributions of school, teacher, and child characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E","family":"Schachter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago , Chicago, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa L","family":"Knoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families & Schools, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayne B","family":"Piasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teaching and Learning and Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9924-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hope Sparks","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Deafness Language and Learning, Boys Town National Research Hospital , Omaha, NE ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B1","article-title":"Contributions of social-emotional readiness and classroom quality to social-emotional trajectories across elementary school (ED567203)","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B2","author":"Aikens","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-023-01476-w","article-title":"Practitioner and director perceptions, beliefs, and practices related to STEM and inclusion in early childhood","volume":"52","author":"Amsbary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Childhood Education Journal"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2020.101200","article-title":"Teacher-student relationships across the first seven years of education and adolescent outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312231195559","article-title":"The first-grade outcomes of pre-K attendees: Examining benefits as a function of skill type, environments, and subgroups","volume":"60","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Mental Health"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2020.1727586","article-title":"Preschool teachers' learning opportunities in their initial teacher education and in-service professional development\u2014do they have an influence on preschool teachers' science-specific professional knowledge and motivation?","volume":"42","author":"Barenthien","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40723-024-00139-6","article-title":"Auspice and other policy-related variations in preschool practice in the United States: Have public preschool programs been more academic?","volume":"18","author":"Barnett","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10901027.2025.2476698","article-title":"Out-group and in-group relational trust in group coaching with first-grade teachers: A single case study","author":"Barrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-017-9416-4","article-title":"Teacher professional development and student literacy growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Basma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12551","article-title":"Within- and between-sector quality differences in early childhood education and care","volume":"87","author":"Bassok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118799372","article-title":"Interrater reliability in systematic review methodology: Exploring variation in coder decision-making","volume":"50","author":"Belur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2020.03.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis and systematic review of the associations between professional development of early childhood educators and children's outcomes","volume":"53","author":"Brunsek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2025.01.004","article-title":"School entry skills and young adult outcomes","volume":"72","author":"Burchinal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001546","article-title":"Quality of early childcare and education predicts high school STEM achievement for students from low-income backgrounds","volume":"59","author":"Bustamante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2009.10.001","article-title":"Effects of a professional development program on classroom practices and outcomes for Latino dual language learners","volume":"25","author":"Buysse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0104)","article-title":"The impact of teacher responsivity education on preschoolers' language and literacy skills","volume":"20","author":"Cabell","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B18","volume-title":"Applied meta-analysis for social science research","author":"Card","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2017.03.002","article-title":"Early education of dual language learners: An efficacy study of the Nuestros Ni\u00f1os School Readiness professional development program","volume":"40","author":"Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2020.1755776","article-title":"STEM for inclusive excellence and equity","volume":"32","author":"Clements","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168801200410","article-title":"Set correlation and contingency tables","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B22","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis. Russell Sage Foundation","author":"Cooper","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280802595425","article-title":"Ongoing, web-mediated professional development focused on teacher-child interactions: Early childhood educators' usage rates and self-reported satisfaction","volume":"20","author":"Downer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-017-9237-0","article-title":"Using data-driven, video-based early childhood consultation with teachers to reduce children's challenging behaviors and improve engagement in preschool classrooms","volume":"10","author":"Downer","year":"2018","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01014.x","article-title":"Teachers' education, classroom quality, and young children's academic skills: Results from seven studies of preschool programs","volume":"78","author":"Early","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2016.08.005","article-title":"Improving teacher-child interactions: A randomized controlled trial of making the most of classroom interactions and my teaching partner professional development models","volume":"38","author":"Early","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.100309","article-title":"The impact of in-service professional development on the quality of teacher-child interactions in early education and care: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Egert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654317751918","article-title":"Impact of in-service professional development programs for early childhood teachers on quality ratings and child outcomes: A meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Egert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183673","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183673","article-title":"Education of staff in preschool aged classrooms in child care centers and child outcomes: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Falenchuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B30","author":"Fisher","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2023.2285440","article-title":"Addressing the \u201clast mile\u201d problem in educational research: Educational researchers' interest, knowledge, and use of implementation science constructs","volume":"28","author":"Gaias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educational Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2017.1360127","article-title":"Early childhood educators' self-efficacy in science, math, and literacy instruction and science practice in the classroom","volume":"29","author":"Gerde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 103190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103190","article-title":"Do teachers' years of experience make a difference in the quality of teaching?","volume":"96","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Information and Libraries Journal"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2017.1279527","article-title":"Foundations of science literacy: Efficacy of a preschool professional development program in science on classroom instruction, teachers' pedagogical content knowledge, and children's observations and predictions","volume":"28","author":"Gropen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2015.09.005","article-title":"Thresholds in the association between quality of teacher\u2013child interactions and preschool children's school readiness skills","volume":"36","author":"Hatfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B37","author":"Head Start","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2016.0018","article-title":"Supporting young children with disabilities","volume":"26","author":"Hebbeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Future of Children"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for Glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B40","author":"Hill","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100323","article-title":"Preschool pathways to reading comprehension: A systematic meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Hjetland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S287","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.408","article-title":"Elementary teachers' knowledge of foundational literacy skills: A critical piece of the puzzle in the science of Reading","volume":"56","author":"Hudson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308325693","article-title":"The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Jennings","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2018.1466359","article-title":"Professional development and its impact on children in early childhood education and care: A meta-analysis based on European studies","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2019.1624146","article-title":"What works in early childhood education programs?: A meta\u2013analysis of preschool enhancement programs","volume":"31","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014939","article-title":"Early math matters: Kindergarten number competence and later mathematics outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Jordan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B47","first-page":"379","article-title":"Improving inservice training: The messages of research","volume":"37","author":"Joyce","year":"1980","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2021.1946762","article-title":"Academics of the early primary grades: Investigating the alignment of instructional practices from pre-k to third grade","volume":"33","author":"Justice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2023.0159","article-title":"A simple guide to effect size measures","volume":"149","author":"Kallogjeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X20912798","article-title":"Interpreting effect sizes of education interventions","volume":"49","author":"Kraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654318759268","article-title":"The effect of teacher coaching on instruction and achievement: A meta-analysis of the causal evidence","volume":"88","author":"Kraft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390040501","article-title":"Enhancing early literacy skills for preschool children: Bringing a professional development model to scale","volume":"39","author":"Landry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-023-09748-7","article-title":"Inequities in coaching interventions: A systematic review of who receives and provides coaching within early care and education","volume":"53","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child & Youth Care Forum"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426611421007","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and child development: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Letourneau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B57","volume-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B58","author":"LoCasale-Crouch","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14019","article-title":"Early childhood language gains, kindergarten readiness, and grade 3 Reading achievement","volume":"95","author":"Logan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12460","article-title":"Impacts of a comprehensive school readiness curriculum for preschool children at risk for educational difficulties","volume":"86","author":"Lonigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s13158-021-00295-7","article-title":"Early childhood educators' beliefs and confidence regarding STEM education","volume":"53","author":"MacDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Early Childhood"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654319837540","article-title":"Is teacher qualification associated with the quality of the early childhood education and care environment? A meta-analytic review","volume":"89","author":"Manning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2023.03.007","article-title":"Linking early educators' professional development to classroom quality: Differences by ECE sector","volume":"64","author":"Markowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2016.07.002","article-title":"The effects of language- and literacy-focused professional development on early educators and children: A best-evidence meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Markussen-Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373710363743","article-title":"Implementing literacy coaching: The role of school social resources","volume":"32","author":"Matsumura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B66","author":"McLean","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2020.03.004","article-title":"Is educators' years of experience in early childhood education and care settings associated with child outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"McMullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B68","author":"National Association for the Education of Young Children [NAEYC]","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B69","author":"National Center for Educational Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1086\/653470","article-title":"Promoting language and literacy development for early childhood educators: A mixed-methods study of coursework and coaching","volume":"111","author":"Neuman","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B71","first-page":"800","volume-title":"Proceedings of society for information technology & teacher education international conference","author":"Ntuli","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214231170735","article-title":"Early educators' perceptions of behavior","volume":"44","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Topics in Early Childhood Special Education"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/1476718X15614040","article-title":"Early childhood teachers' beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Early Childhood Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2018.1486280","article-title":"A longitudinal comparison of learning outcomes in full-day and half-day kindergarten","volume":"112","author":"Patricia Pelletier","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2008.02.001","article-title":"Effects of web-mediated professional development resources on teacher-child interactions in pre-kindergarten classrooms","volume":"23","author":"Pianta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2016.1270378","article-title":"Effectiveness of large-scale, state-sponsored language and literacy professional development on early childhood educator outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Piasta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1612","article-title":"Early childhood educators' knowledge about language and literacy: Associations with practice and children's learning","volume":"26","author":"Piasta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815113516678","article-title":"Implementation fidelity of a coaching-based professional development program for improving Head Start teachers' literacy and language instruction","volume":"35","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Early Intervention"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3","article-title":"Meta-analysis with robust variance estimation: Expanding the range of working models","volume":"23","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2021.1985048","article-title":"Preschool children's engagement and school readiness skills: Exploring differences between Spanish-speaking dual language learners and monolingual English-speaking preschoolers","volume":"34","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2024.100620","article-title":"What can implementation science tell us about scaling interventions in school settings? A scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B82","author":"Sandstrom","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2023.2266339","article-title":"Mapping the literature to identify early childhood coaches' backgrounds and training","volume":"35","author":"Schachter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/09575146.2022.2108378","article-title":"An exploratory study of early childhood coaches' practices and professional learning needs","volume":"44","author":"Schachter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Years"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231195836","article-title":"What is the empirical research base of early childhood coaching?: A mapping review","volume":"94","author":"Schachter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2025.02.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of coaching and the contribution of coaching processes to learning outcomes for early childhood teachers and children","volume":"72","author":"Schachter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B87","volume-title":"Examining the content and processes of coaching in a community-implemented preschool STEM program","author":"Schachter","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2016.01.008","article-title":"Early childhood educators' knowledge, beliefs, education, experiences, and children's language-and literacy-learning opportunities: What is the connection?","volume":"36","author":"Schachter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280802582795","article-title":"Professional development in early childhood programs: Process issues and research needs","volume":"20","author":"Sheridan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.03.001","article-title":"A randomized trial examining the effects of parent engagement on early language and literacy: The getting ready intervention","volume":"49","author":"Sheridan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2022.07.001","article-title":"Infant-toddler teachers' early adversity, current wellbeing, and engaged support of early learning","volume":"61","author":"Simons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231217480","article-title":"Effective teacher professional development: New theory and a meta-analytic test","volume":"95","author":"Sims","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121415594925","article-title":"Supporting implementation of evidence-based practices through practice-based coaching","volume":"35","author":"Snyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Topics in Early Childhood Special Education"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2016.1158610","article-title":"Relative effects of a comprehensive versus reduced training for Head Start teachers who serve Spanish-speaking English learners","volume":"27","author":"Solari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2017.08.001","article-title":"Reducing child problem behaviors and improving teacher-child interactions and relationships: A randomized controlled trial of BEST in CLASS","volume":"42","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1091","article-title":"Robust variance estimation with dependent effect sizes: Practical considerations including a software tutorial in Stata and SPSS","volume":"5","author":"Tanner-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.11114\/jets.v2i4.449","article-title":"Factors associated with Head Start staff participation in classroom-based professional development","volume":"2","author":"Trivette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Training Studies"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12713","article-title":"What is the long-run impact of learning mathematics during preschool?","volume":"89","author":"Watts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-011-9067-4","article-title":"The impact of working alliance, social validity, and teacher burnout on implementation fidelity of the good behavior game","volume":"4","author":"Wehby","year":"2012","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Weiland","year":"2022","DOI":"10.26300\/pncz-2233"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2012.12.002","article-title":"Associations between classroom quality and children's vocabulary and executive function skills in an urban public prekindergarten program","volume":"28","author":"Weiland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1108\/JPCC-07-2017-0017","article-title":"Rooted in relationships: An analysis of dimensions of social capital enabling instructional coaching","volume":"3","author":"Woulfin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Professional Capital and Community"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2018.1539557","article-title":"Can early childhood curriculum enhance social-emotional competence in low-income children? A meta-analysis of the educational effects","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"2026051506372395800_aacag020-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3343","DOI":"10.1002\/rev3.3343","article-title":"Coaching early childhood teachers: A systematic review of its effects on teacher instruction and child development","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Review of Education"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/3\/881\/67725467\/aacag020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/97\/3\/881\/67725467\/aacag020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:37:33Z","timestamp":1778841453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/97\/3\/881\/8572499"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Curenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}}}