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Parental language mixing was either positively, negatively, or not related to children's vocabulary outcomes. Their evidence is aggregated via a novel meta-analytic approach, the GORIC evidence synthesis. Evidence syntheses were conducted for expressive and receptive vocabulary in the majority and minority language. The combined evidence shows that parental language mixing is not related to bilingual children's expressive vocabulary, or to their receptive vocabulary in the minority language. There is a negative relation between parental language mixing and children's receptive vocabulary outcomes in the majority language that ranges from a negligible to small effect size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:20:21Z","timestamp":1778498421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relation between parental language mixing and children's vocabulary outcomes: An evidence synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7549-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ora","family":"Oudgenoeg-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merel","family":"van Witteloostuijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elma","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0267-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca\u00a0M","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091610323644900_aacag102-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006917709094","article-title":"There are no language switching costs when codeswitching is frequent","volume":"23","author":"Adamou","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Bilingualism"},{"key":"2026091610323644900_aacag102-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1694-0_15","article-title":"Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle","volume":"1973","author":"Akaike","year":"1973","journal-title":"2nd International Symposium on Information Theory"},{"key":"2026091610323644900_aacag102-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13508","article-title":"Linking quality and quantity of parental linguistic input to child language skills: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026091610323644900_aacag102-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2018.03.011","article-title":"Myths about bilingual learning in family life settings: Werner Leopold's child language biographies and contemporary work on children's play practices","volume":"26","author":"Aronsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learning, Culture and Social Interaction"},{"key":"2026091610323644900_aacag102-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000914000695","article-title":"Look at the gato! 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