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This study compares children's recognition of words that parents reported as primarily overhearable to children (i.e., \u201chigh-overheardness\u201d words) with words that parents reported as primarily directed to children (i.e., \u201clow-overheardness\u201d words). We tested 79 predominantly White and mixed-race US English-learning children at 18, 24, and 30 months (data collection period: 2023.12\u20132024.04). We then re-tested the 18-month-olds at 24 months (N = 21). Results showed that children aged 24 and 30 months, but not 18 months, recognized the high-overheardness words. The gap between high- and low-overheardness word recognition at 18 months was narrower for children with larger vocabularies at 24 months. Vocabulary expansion via overhearing before age two may thus only be evident in more linguistically advanced children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:44:24Z","timestamp":1782215064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental change in acquiring overhearable words from naturalistic contexts"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago , Chicago ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruthe","family":"Foushee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research , New York ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University , Princeton ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Casillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago , Chicago ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00406.x","article-title":"The robustness of learning through overhearing","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00287","article-title":"Learning words through overhearing","volume":"72","author":"Akhtar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105071","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the role of vocabulary size in priming effects in early childhood","volume":"205","author":"Avila-Varela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13010","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13010","article-title":"Familiar words can serve as a semantic seed for syntactic bootstrapping","volume":"24","author":"Babineau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01577.x","article-title":"Infants' contribution to the achievement of joint reference","volume":"62","author":"Baldwin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2307\/1131127","article-title":"Joint attention and conversation in mother-infant-sibling triads","volume":"62","author":"Barton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12373","article-title":"The comprehension boost in early word learning: Older infants are better learners","volume":"14","author":"Bergelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113380109","article-title":"At 69 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns","volume":"109","author":"Bergelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000916000465","article-title":"Six-year-olds' learning of novel words through addressed and overheard speech","volume":"44","author":"Boder\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"2026092210013334000_aacag127-B10","unstructured":"Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. 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