{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:08:35Z","timestamp":1788858515199,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2021-0170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2021-0170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Though disagreement provides valuable chances to learn, people typically avoid it. This study tested whether understanding that people can hold different views because they have interpreted the same evidence differently predicts children's and adults\u2019 interest in talking to someone with a different belief (children: 6 to 11 years; N = 97; 50 females, 47 males; diverse ethnicities; adults: N = 100; 49 females, 49 males, 1 gender-queer, 1 non-binary; diverse ethnicities). Data were collected between November 2024 and March 2025. Participants were first asked about their beliefs on different topics, then asked whether they wanted to talk to someone who agreed or disagreed with them to learn more. Interpretive theory of mind (iToM) was then measured using 2 paradigms assessing the ability to recognize that 2 people could interpret the same ambiguous stimuli differently. Higher iToM predicted greater willingness to seek out disagreement to increase learning. For children, this held across belief domains, whereas for adults it was only true for moral questions and ambiguous situations, not settled facts or personal preferences. The effect was stronger in children than adults when beliefs concerned preferences. These findings suggest that iToM may be required for understanding the epistemic value of disagreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T11:44:06Z","timestamp":1787399046000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interpretive theory of mind predicts greater willingness to seek out disagreement for learning"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten H","family":"Blakey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ronfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1228","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13603","article-title":"Children's developing ability to resolve disagreements by integrating perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Amemiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-118X(02)00005-3","article-title":"Theory of mind and epistemological development: The relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence","volume":"20","author":"Astington","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70027","article-title":"Children use the relative confidence of people with conflicting perspectives to form their own beliefs","volume":"28","author":"Baer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70237","article-title":"How to increase children's and adults\u2019 interest in learning from disagreement","volume":"29","author":"Blakey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.2307\/1131725","article-title":"On the distinction between false belief understanding and subscribing to an interpretive theory of mind","volume":"67","author":"Carpendale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12520","article-title":"Because \u2018everybody believes in different things\u2019: Examining tolerance of divergent preferences, beliefs, and morals in kindergarten students","volume":"30","author":"Danniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"2026090804215009100_aacag174-B9","unstructured":"Fox, J., Weisberg, S., Price, B., Adler, D., Bates, D., Baud-Bovy, G., Bolker, B., Ellison, S., Firth, D., Friendly, M., Gorjanc, G., Graves, S., Heiberger, R., Krivitsky, P., Laboissiere, R., Maechler, M., Monette, G., Murdoch, D., Nilsson, H.; \u2026 R-Core, S. 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