{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:37Z","timestamp":1791295357257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children and adolescents evaluate gender-based exclusion by drawing on multiple contextual and individual factors. This pre-registered study examined how excluder intentionality, peer norms, and victim response, shaped bystander judgments and responses to the exclusion of a girl from an esports football team. Data were collected in T\u00fcrkiye between December 2024 and April 2025. Participants were 572 Turkish students aged 11\u201318 years (M = 14.44, SD = 1.78, 347 girls), including 227 middle school and 345 high school students. Race and ethnicity were not assessed; the sociocultural context of the sample is described by recruitment country. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 conditions varying excluder intentionality, bystander peer norms, and victim response. Boys judged exclusion as more acceptable and fair than girls, whereas girls were more likely to favor inclusion of the excluded peer. Exclusion was judged as more acceptable and fair when the excluder had good intentions. Peer norms and victim response were especially relevant for later bystander intervention steps. Higher theory of mind, empathy, affiliative humor, and growth mindset, and lower aggressive humor and gender stereotype endorsement, predicted more prosocial bystander responses. Findings clarify how contextual and individual factors jointly inform responses to gender-based exclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/chidev\/aacag182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:51:44Z","timestamp":1789127504000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The fifth player: Understanding bystander responses to\u00a0gender-based exclusion in esports"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9353-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serengeti","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se\u00e7il","family":"G\u00f6n\u00fclta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bilkent University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00387-7","article-title":"Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of humor styles questionnaire for children","volume":"40","author":"Anl\u0131","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12513","article-title":"Bystander responses in five-steps: Paving road to prosocial intervention to social exclusion through social-cognition","volume":"42","author":"Ayhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11415","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811415","article-title":"Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses","volume":"19","author":"Burger","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.11.008","article-title":"The development of intent-based moral judgment","volume":"127","author":"Cushman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B5","first-page":"323","volume-title":"The stevens\u2019 handbook of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience","author":"Dahl","year":"2018","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582440241271936","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440241271936","article-title":"Women's struggle for a voice in gaming culture among youth in t\u00fcrkiye","volume":"14","author":"Demir","year":"2024","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12225","article-title":"The journey to children's mindsets\u2014and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Dweck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12544","article-title":"The role of theory of mind, group norms and intentionality in children's and adolescents\u2019 moral evaluations of a misinformer","volume":"43","author":"Farooq","year":"2025","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.09.047","article-title":"Children's humor types and psychosocial adjustment","volume":"89","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816635778","article-title":"Women's experiences with general and sexual harassment in online video games: Rumination, organizational responsiveness, withdrawal, and coping strategies","volume":"19","author":"Fox","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2020.03.001","article-title":"Dimensions of empathy and bystander intervention in bullying in elementary school","volume":"79","author":"Fredrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-024-09904-4","article-title":"The effects of victims\u2019 reactions on bystanders\u2019 perceived severity and willingness to intervene during school bullying: A survey experiment study","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072716665825","article-title":"STEM stereotypes and high school students\u2019 math\/science career goals","volume":"25","author":"Garriott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2020.100976","article-title":"Morally-relevant theory of mind mediates the relationship between group membership and moral judgments","volume":"57","author":"Glidden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837276","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.837276","article-title":"British adolescents are more likely than children to support bystanders who challenge exclusion of immigrant peers","volume":"13","author":"G\u00f6n\u00fclta\u015f","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12371","article-title":"Bystander responses to bias-based bullying and retaliation: Is retaliation perceived as more acceptable than bias-based bullying?","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f6n\u00fclta\u015f","year":"2021","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12752","article-title":"Do adolescents intervene in intergroup bias-based bullying? Bystander judgments and responses to intergroup bias-based bullying of refugees","volume":"33","author":"G\u00f6n\u00fclta\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B18","first-page":"587","article-title":"Social exclusion and culture: The role of group norms, group identity and fairness","volume":"27","author":"Hitti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21688","article-title":"Bullying participant roles and gender as predictors of bystander intervention","volume":"43","author":"Jenkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2016.1144517","article-title":"Virtual(ly) athletes: Where eSports fit within the definition of \u201csport\u201d","volume":"69","author":"Jenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B21","first-page":"i","article-title":"How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion","volume":"67","author":"Killen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.01.006","article-title":"The accidental transgressor: Morally-relevant theory of mind","volume":"119","author":"Killen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12593","article-title":"Equity and justice in developmental science: Discrimination, social exclusion, and intergroup attitudes","volume":"87","author":"Killen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812458271","article-title":"Communication in multiplayer gaming: Examining player responses to gender cues","volume":"15","author":"Kuznekoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B25","volume-title":"The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help?","author":"Latan\u00e9","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B26","author":"Law","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.t01-1-00197","article-title":"Appendix C: Test administration versions of Short Coat and Oat Scales","volume":"67","author":"Liben","year":"2002","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107238","article-title":"Bystander responses to cyberbullying: The role of perceived severity, publicity, anonymity, type of cyberbullying, and victim response","volume":"131","author":"Macaulay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B29","first-page":"152","article-title":"Cultural stereotypes and sense of belonging contribute to gender gaps in STEM","volume":"12","author":"Master","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503237","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.503237","article-title":"Science and math interest and gender stereotypes: The role of educator gender in informal science learning sites","volume":"12","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12546","article-title":"Children's and adolescents\u2019 evaluations of peers who challenge their group: The role of gender norms and identity","volume":"31","author":"McGuire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e703","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13094","article-title":"The role of competitive and cooperative norms in the development of deviant evaluations","volume":"90","author":"McGuire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000262","article-title":"Predicting bystander intervention among middle school students","volume":"33","author":"Menolascino","year":"2018","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly: The Official Journal of the Division of School Psychology, American Psychological Association"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5539\/jedp.v8n2p174","article-title":"Bystanders in bullying: Do ToM and social competence skills play a role?","volume":"8","author":"Metallidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12145","article-title":"Evaluations of moral and conventional intergroup transgressions","volume":"34","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0941-3","article-title":"School and family factors predicting adolescent cognition regarding bystander intervention in response to bullying and victim retaliation","volume":"48","author":"Mulvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12317","article-title":"Challenging gender stereotypes: Resistance and exclusion","volume":"86","author":"Mulvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.003","article-title":"Measurement of the bystander intervention model for bullying and sexual harassment","volume":"37","author":"Nickerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/01650254221128275","article-title":"Challenging the exclusion of immigrant peers","volume":"47","author":"Palmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000134","article-title":"Children's recognition of fairness and others\u2019 welfare in a resource allocation task: Age related changes","volume":"52","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000125","article-title":"Is gender more important and meaningful than race? An analysis of racial and gender identity among black, white, and mixed-race children","volume":"23","author":"Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615572758","article-title":"When does the in-group like the out-group? Bias among children as a function of group norms","volume":"26","author":"Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12012","article-title":"A developmental science approach to reducing prejudice and social exclusion: Intergroup processes, social-cognitive development, and moral reasoning","volume":"9","author":"Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610369468","article-title":"A new social-cognitive developmental perspective on prejudice: The interplay between morality and group identity","volume":"5","author":"Rutland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2014.947222","article-title":"Participant roles in bullying: How can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions?","volume":"53","author":"Salmivalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theory Into Practice"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-016-9185-0","article-title":"Victims\u2019 responses to bullying: The gap between students\u2019 evaluations and reported responses","volume":"8","author":"Sokol","year":"2016","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21694","article-title":"Two sides to the story: Adolescent and parent views on harmful intention in defining school bullying","volume":"43","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807341","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.807341","article-title":"Examining the impact of school esports program participation on student health and psychological development","volume":"12","author":"Trotter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.09.040","article-title":"Development of the adolescent measure of empathy and sympathy (AMES)","volume":"74","author":"Vossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01319.x","article-title":"Revisiting the strange stories: Revealing mentalizing impairments in autism","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095318","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1095318","article-title":"Aggressive humor style and cyberbullying perpetration: Normative tolerance and moral disengagement perspective","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026100609462401300_aacag182-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414000303","article-title":"Heightened emotional sensitivity intensifies associations between relational aggression and victimization among girls but not boys: A longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Zimmer-Gembeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag182\/71627195\/aacag182.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag182\/71627195\/aacag182.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:46:31Z","timestamp":1791294391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag182\/8868988"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"Laible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chidev\/aacag182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"article-number":"aacag182"}}