{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:17:04Z","timestamp":1793884624140,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rises in the incidence of bacterial infections, such as infective endocarditis (IE), have been reported in conjunction with the opioid crisis. However, recent trends for IE and other serious infections among persons with substance use disorders (SUDs) are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using the Premier Healthcare Database, we identified hospitalizations from 2012 through 2017 among adults with primary discharge diagnoses of bacterial infections and secondary SUD diagnoses, using International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification Ninth and Tenth Revision codes. We calculated annual rates of infections with SUD diagnoses and evaluated temporal trends. Blood and cardiac tissue specimens were identified from IE hospitalizations to describe the microbiology distribution and temporal trends among hospitalizations with and without SUDs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 72 481 weighted IE admissions recorded, SUD diagnoses increased from 19.9% in 2012 to 39.4% in 2017 (P &amp;lt; .0001). Hospitalizations with SUDs increased from 1.1 to 2.1 per 100 000 persons for IE, 1.4 to 2.4 per 100 000 persons for osteomyelitis, 0.5 to 0.9 per 100 000 persons for central nervous system abscesses, and 24.4 to 32.9 per 100 000 persons for skin and soft tissue infections. For adults aged 18\u201344 years, IE-SUD hospitalizations more than doubled, from 1.6 in 2012 to 3.6 in 2017 per 100 000 persons. Among all IE-SUD hospitalizations, 50.3% had a Staphylococcus aureus infection, compared with 19.4% of IE hospitalizations without SUDs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rates of hospitalization for serious infections among persons with SUDs are increasing, driven primarily by younger age groups. The differences in the microbiology of IE hospitalizations suggest that SUDs are changing the epidemiology of these infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T20:09:56Z","timestamp":1578341396000},"page":"e37-e44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Bacterial Infections Associated With Substance Use Disorders, Large Cohort of United States Hospitals, 2012\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie L","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Baggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujan C","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runa H","family":"Gokhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Epidemiology Research and Innovations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0001","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/320879","article-title":"Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1263592","article-title":"Behavioral characteristics and injection practices associated with skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs: a community-based observational study","volume":"38","author":"Dahlman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003592311","article-title":"Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado","volume":"36","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.6.904","article-title":"Bone and joint infections in intravenous drug abusers","volume":"8","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0458-9","article-title":"Using population based hospitalization data to monitor increases in conditions causing morbidity among persons who inject drugs","volume":"43","author":"Collier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Commun Health"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6722a2","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs","volume":"67","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.029","article-title":"A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs","volume":"171","author":"Larney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1086\/338876","article-title":"Infections requiring hospitalization of injection drug users who participated in an injection opiate maintenance program","volume":"34","author":"Bassetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0010","first-page":"415","article-title":"Hospital utilization and costs in a cohort of injection drug users","volume":"165","author":"Palepu","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042823","article-title":"Bacterial infections in drug users","volume":"353","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0012","article-title":"Trends in drug use-associated infective endocarditis and heart valve surgery, 2007 to 2017: a study of statewide discharge data","author":"Schranz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.011","article-title":"Admissions for infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users","volume":"71","author":"Deo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1602","article-title":"Changes in the association of rising infective endocarditis with mortality in people who inject drugs","volume":"3","author":"Njoroge","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0436-7","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"16","author":"Krishnamohan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0016","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0017","author":"HCUP CCS"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.08.013","article-title":"Use of the point of origin code from a universal billing form, UB-04, to efficiently identify hospitalized patients admitted from other health care facilities","volume":"40","author":"Prabaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0019","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0020","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0021","author":"National"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6826a2","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs","volume":"68","author":"Hartnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0023"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0024","article-title":"Infectious complications of addiction: a call for a new subspecialty within infectious diseases","author":"Serota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1203","article-title":"Integrating treatment at the intersection of opioid use disorder and infectious disease epidemics in medical settings: a call for action after a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Workshop","volume":"169","author":"Springer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0026"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00207.x","article-title":"Prevalence of unhealthy substance use on teaching and hospitalist medical services: implications for education","volume":"21","author":"Holt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.088344","article-title":"ICD-10 coding: poor identification of recreational drug presentations to a large emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0029","article-title":"Many opportunities to record, diagnose, or treat injection drug-related infections are missed: a population-based cohort study of inpatient and emergency department settings","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy632","article-title":"Many opportunities to record, diagnose, or treat injection drug-related infections are missed: a population-based cohort study of inpatient and emergency department settings","volume":"68","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020857","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020857","article-title":"Validation of discharge diagnosis codes to identify serious infections among middle age and older adults","volume":"8","author":"Wiese","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2020102308130981700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1","article-title":"Vital signs: epidemiology and recent trends in methicillin-resistant and in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections","volume":"68","author":"Kourtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa008\/33028056\/ciaa008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/7\/e37\/33994852\/ciaa008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/7\/e37\/33994852\/ciaa008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T12:25:17Z","timestamp":1603455917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/71\/7\/e37\/5697426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]}}}