{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T10:22:22Z","timestamp":1788603742994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]],"date-time":"2020-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI14235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI14235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, few antiretroviral options are available for neonates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Early Infant Treatment Study in Botswana tested HIV-exposed infants within 96 hours of birth, and HIV-infected infants started nevirapine (NVP) 6 mg\/kg twice daily, zidovudine (ZDV), and lamivudine (3TC) at age\u2005&amp;lt;\u20057 days. NVP trough concentrations were tested at 1 and 2 weeks. NVP was switched to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV\/r) at week 2, 3, 4, or 5 according to delivery gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forty HIV-infected infants started ART at median age 2 days (range, 1\u20135 days). NVP trough concentrations were highly variable and below therapeutic target (3000 ng\/mL) for 50% of 2-week measurements; concentrations did not correlate with viral decline at weeks 2, 4, or 12. Two deaths unrelated to ART occurred through 24 weeks. Only 1 unscheduled treatment modification was required. Within 4 weeks of transition to LPV\/r, 9 (22.5%) had transient HIV RNA increases, likely due to poor LPV\/r palatability. At 12 weeks, 22 (55%) of 40 were &amp;lt;40 copies\/mL (93% &amp;lt;400 copies\/mL); by 24 weeks, 27 of 38 (71%) were &amp;lt;\u200940 copies\/mL (84% &amp;lt; 400 copies\/mL). HIV-1 RNA response at 12 and 24 weeks did not differ by baseline HIV RNA or other factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NVP\/ZDV\/3TC started in the first week of life was safe and effective, even when trough NVP levels were below target. Transient viral increases occurred following transition to LPV\/r, but by 12 and 24 weeks most children achieved and maintained viral suppression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT02369406.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T20:10:28Z","timestamp":1578687028000},"page":"388-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the First Week of Life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maswabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbolahan","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bennett Statistical Consulting, Inc, Ballston Lake, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund V","family":"Capparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Jean-Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oganne","family":"Batlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Sakoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Lockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Lichterfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R","family":"Kuritzkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger L","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, LLC, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. 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