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It remains unknown which cancer types are reduced in PLWH with earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated AIDS-free, ART-naive PLWH during 1996\u20132014 from 22 cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. PLWH were followed from first observed CD4 of 350\u2013500 cells\/\u00b5L (baseline) until incident cancer, death, lost-to-follow-up, or December 2014. Outcomes included 6 cancer groups and 5 individual cancers that were confirmed by chart review or cancer registry linkage. We evaluated the effect of earlier (in the first 6 months after baseline) versus deferred ART initiation on cancer risk. Marginal structural models were used with inverse probability weighting to account for time-dependent confounding and informative right-censoring, with weights informed by subject\u2019s age, sex, cohort, baseline year, race\/ethnicity, HIV transmission risk, smoking, viral hepatitis, CD4, and AIDS diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Protective results for earlier ART were found for any cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], .37\u2013.86), AIDS-defining cancers (HR 0.23; 95% CI, .11\u2013.49), any virus-related cancer (HR 0.30; 95% CI, .16\u2013.54), Kaposi sarcoma (HR 0.25; 95% CI, .10\u2013.61), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR 0.22; 95% CI, .06\u2013.73). By 15 years, there was also an observed reduced risk with earlier ART for virus-related NADCs (0.6% vs 2.3%; adjusted risk difference \u22121.6; 95% CI, \u22122.8, \u2212.5).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Earlier ART initiation has potential to reduce the burden of virus-related cancers in PLWH but not non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) without known or suspected viral etiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T19:22:47Z","timestamp":1595445767000},"page":"1900-1909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Risk of Cancer Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Michael J","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Leyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal U","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A","family":"Hessol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad J","family":"Achenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gypsyamber","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri N","family":"Althoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel M","family":"Mayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Research Center, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari M","family":"Kitahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Saag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S","family":"Rabkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Horberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M John","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Christopher","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi M","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Gange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dubrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain S","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072714125600000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001014","article-title":"Narrowing the gap in life expectancy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care","volume":"73","author":"Marcus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2021072714125600000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30125-X","article-title":"Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 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