{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:32:46Z","timestamp":1770971566553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Malaysia"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Malaysia","award":["NMRR-20-860-54884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-860-54884"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ideal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARs-CoV-2) testing method would be accurate and also be patient-performed to reduce exposure to healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to compare patient-performed testing based on a morning saliva sample with the current standard testing method, healthcare worker-collected sampling via a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a prospective single center study which recruited 217 asymptomatic adult male participants in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine center who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 8\u201310 days prior to isolation. Paired NPS and saliva specimens were collected and processed within 5 hours of sample collection. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting Envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes was performed and the results were compared.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 160 of the 217 (74%) participants tested positive for COVID-19 based on saliva, NPS, or both testing methods. The detection rate for SARS-CoV-2 was higher in saliva compared to NPS testing (93.1%, 149\/160 vs 52.5%, 84\/160, P &amp;lt; .001). The concordance between the 2 tests was 45.6% (virus was detected in both saliva and NPS in 73\/160), whereas 47.5% were discordant (87\/160 tested positive for 1 whereas negative for the other). The cycle threshold (Ct) values for E and RdRp genes were significantly lower in saliva specimens compared to NP swab specimens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that saliva is a better alternative specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Taking into consideration, the simplicity of specimen collection, shortage of PPE and the transmissibility of the virus, saliva could enable self-collection for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T19:17:00Z","timestamp":1596482220000},"page":"e352-e356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Comparing Nasopharyngeal Swab and Early Morning Saliva for the Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-0486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fairuz A","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fashihah S A H","family":"Sabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Nadia","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rozainanee","family":"Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease 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