{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:21:07Z","timestamp":1793154067162,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA240139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA240139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The opioid epidemic has led to increases in injection drug use (IDU)-associated infectious diseases; however, little is known about how more recent increases in stimulant use have affected the incidence and outcomes of hospitalizations for infections among people who inject drugs (PWID).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All hospitalizations of PWID for IDU-associated infections in Florida were identified using administrative diagnostic codes and were grouped by substance used (opioids, stimulants, or both) and site of infection. We evaluated the association between substance used and the outcomes: patient-directed discharge (PDD, or \u201cagainst medical advice\u201d) and in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 22 856 hospitalizations for infections among PWID. Opioid use was present in 73%, any stimulants in 43%, and stimulants-only in 27%. Skin and soft tissue infection was present in 50%, sepsis\/bacteremia in 52%, osteomyelitis in 10%, and endocarditis in 10%. PWID using opioids\/stimulants were youngest, most uninsured, and had the highest rates of endocarditis (16%) and hepatitis C (44%). Additionally, 25% of patients with opioid\/stimulant use had PDD versus 12% for those using opioids-only. In adjusted models, opioid\/stimulant use was associated with PDD compared to opioid-only use (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.40). Younger age and endocarditis were also associated with PDD. Compared to opioid-only use, stimulant-only use had higher risk of in-hospital mortality (aRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.46).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While opioid use contributed to most IDU-associated infections, many hospitalizations also involved stimulants. Increasing access to harm reduction interventions could help prevent these infections, while further research on the acute management of stimulant use disorder-associated infections is needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T19:13:35Z","timestamp":1598469215000},"page":"e1649-e1657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Evaluating Differences in Opioid and Stimulant Use-associated Infectious Disease Hospitalizations in Florida, 2016\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P","family":"Serota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler S","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansel E","family":"Tookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021100522225292200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6810a6","article-title":"Notes from the field: HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs\u2014Northeastern Massachusetts, 2015\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Cranston","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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