{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:54:44Z","timestamp":1789631684941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii (Hcd) is a rare, but probably underestimated, endemic infection described in intertropical Africa. Therefore, the epidemiology of the infection remains unclear, and there is no consensus on therapeutic management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a comprehensive search on different Internet databases, we collected case reports of Hcd infection published from 1993 to 2019. Epidemiological and clinical charts and therapeutic strategies were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found 94 well-documented cases of Hcd infection, and 30.1% of the patients were under 18 years old. Symptoms occurred in some patients several decades after leaving the endemic area. Cutaneous\/subcutaneous lesions, bone infections, and lymphadenopathies, both isolated and combined, were the most frequent presentations. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection rate was at 20.8%, with fever, lymphadenopathies, and an absence of bone infection being the differentiating elements from patients living without HIV. The rate of disseminated forms (60.6% in our review) significantly increased as compared to studies published before 1993, but without correlation with HIV infection. The global mortality rate was at 23.4% by the end of follow-up. The outcome was not correlated with the antifungal drug prescribed, nor with HIV serologic status, but was correlated with the initiation of an antifungal therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hcd histoplasmosis is a severe fungal infection for which the precise mode of acquisition remains to be determined. There is a need for affordable and more specific diagnostic tools. Itraconazole and amphotericin B are the best therapeutic alternatives and should be available in all low-income countries of the endemic area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T15:15:13Z","timestamp":1599059713000},"page":"e543-e549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Histoplasmosis Caused by\n                    <i>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/i>\n                    var.\n                    <i>duboisii<\/i>\n                    : A Comprehensive Review of Cases From 1993 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Develoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital St Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F M","family":"Amona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Edith Lucie Bongo Ondimba General Hospital, Oyo, Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Research Center and Study of Infectious and Tropical Pathologies, Oyo, Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Hennequin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080205014401300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.009","article-title":"Histoplasmosis","volume":"30","author":"Wheat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021080205014401300_CIT0002","first-page":"569","article-title":"Un cas d\u2019histoplasmose Africaine; avec une note mycologique sur Histoplasma duboisii n.sp","volume":"32","author":"Dubois","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"2021080205014401300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1953.12024317","article-title":"Histoplasma duboisii and African 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