{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:08:22Z","timestamp":1787879302007,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1113007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1113007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a cost of illness study to assess the economic burden of pediatric enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in Bangladesh. Results can inform public health policies to prevent enteric fever.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was conducted at 2 pediatric health facilities in Dhaka. For the patient and caregiver\u2019s perspective, we administered questionnaires on costs incurred from illness onset until the survey dates to caregivers of patients with blood culture positive cases at enrollment and 6 weeks later to estimate the direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. From the perspective of the health care provider, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used by the 2 hospitals to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Bangladeshi takas and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 1772 patients from whom we collected information, the median cost of illness per case of enteric fever from the patient and caregiver perspective was US $64.03 (IQR: US $33.90 \u2013$173.48). Median direct medical and nonmedical costs per case were 3% of annual labor income across the sample. From the perspective of the healthcare provider, the average direct medical cost per case was US $58.64 (range: US $37.25 at Hospital B, US $73.27 at Hospital A).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results show substantial economic burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, with higher costs for patients receiving inpatient care. As antimicrobial resistance increases globally, the cost of illness could increase, due to more expensive and potent drugs required for treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T04:54:10Z","timestamp":1599281650000},"page":"S293-S305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Bangladesh: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Mejia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah W","family":"Pallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Udin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K M Ishtiaque","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise O","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Epidemiology, Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmira","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwo","family":"Abimbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0002","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper\u2013March 2018","volume":"13","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0003","volume-title":"Prevention effectiveness: a guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation","author":"Haddix","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0004","author":"Gavi The Vaccine Alliance","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0005","first-page":"304","article-title":"Costs of illness due to typhoid fever in an Indian urban slum community: implications for vaccination policy","volume":"22","author":"Bahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0006","first-page":"377","article-title":"Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar, East Africa","volume":"32","author":"Riewpaiboon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02711.x","article-title":"Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in five Asian countries","volume":"16","author":"Poulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix122","article-title":"Social and economic burden associated with typhoid fever in Kathmandu and surrounding areas: a qualitative study","volume":"218","author":"Kaljee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1124","article-title":"Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid: implications for vaccine policy","volume":"68","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0010","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid cost of illness in Nepal: patient and health facility costs from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II","author":"Mejia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0011","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid cost of illness in Pakistan: patient and health facility costs from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II","author":"Mejia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0012","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0654-3","article-title":"Who pays for healthcare in Bangladesh? An analysis of progressivity in health systems financing","volume":"16","author":"Molla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001998","article-title":"Typhoid fever and its association with environmental factors in the Dhaka metropolitan area of Bangladesh: a spatial and time-series approach","volume":"7","author":"Dewan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-13","article-title":"Modelling typhoid risk in Dhaka metropolitan area of Bangladesh: the role of socio-economic and environmental factors","volume":"12","author":"Corner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0016","author":"World Bank","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0017","author":"Central Bank of Bangladesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0018","author":"Fair Labor Association","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428112470848","article-title":"Best-practice recommendations for defining, identifying, and handling outliers","volume":"16","author":"Aguinis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0020","author":"UNICEF","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0021","author":"Central Bank of Bangladesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13861-5","article-title":"Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis","volume":"362","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.26.4.972","article-title":"Protecting households from catastrophic health spending","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.113100","article-title":"Variations in catastrophic health expenditure estimates from household surveys in India","volume":"91","author":"Raban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2020120621201302800_CIT0025","article-title":"Comparison of cost of illness of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) vs. non-XDR typhoid fever in Pakistan: policy implications for typhoid vaccine","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/Supplement_3\/S293\/34608421\/ciaa1334.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/Supplement_3\/S293\/34608421\/ciaa1334.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T04:31:25Z","timestamp":1607315485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/71\/Supplement_3\/S293\/6013570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}}}